Autonomous midwifery practice safeguards childbearing womens health

Autonomous midwifery practice safeguards childbearing womens health In 1902 The Midwives Act was introduced and the main reason was to protect women from those birth attendants who were unqualified. The Midwives Institute (now the RCM), encouraged the Act as they wanted to raise the status of the profession and open it up to more middle class women. The Act established the Central Midwives Board, after much changing we know this now to be the NMC. The Central Midwives Board created rules and standards that Midwives had to follow and supervision was introduced. Although, Clarke (2004) agrees that women benefited by having a qualified midwife, she argues that the Act actually took away Midwives autonomy, and midwives had to accept having their practice defined and restricted by Doctors. The midwives institute it seems also happily agreed the division between midwives work and doctors work, again showing that midwives were subservient to the medicine (Clarke 2004). The NMCs main function is to protect the public by maintaining a register of practicing Midwives Autonomy can be defined as : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. the right of self government, the ability of the Midwife to practice on her own responsibility for women in normal pregnancy and childbirth. Winson McDonald (2005) p22. Thompson (2004)suggests that autonomy or self-determination is a key value to midwifery and one that should be expanded so that it includes both the midwives right to practice decisions and the mothers right to decide the care that she wants (p50). The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2008) also demands that you [Nurses Midwives] are personally accountable for actions and omissions in your practice and must always be able to justify your actions. This is reaffirmed in the NMC (2004) Midwives Rules and Standards when it advises that practice should be based on best available evidence and we are accountable for our own practice accountability cannot be taken from us from another practitioner and accountability cannot be given to us from another practitioner p17. Ledward (2004) reminds us that autonomy should not be limitless, midwives should work within their own personal competence. If a woman is low risk and uncomplicated then obstetrics should not interfere. Although Myles (p7 ref properly) agrees, they go on to advise that autonomy is not about creating professional boundaries or exerting powers to protect what they see if their territory does this mean that we shouldnt be autonomous Drivers for safeguarding Changing Childbirth Changing Childbirth was based on the principle of autonomy, it expanded the midwives professional autonomy and the main focus was that care should be woman centred (Ledward 2004). Deery Kirkham (2006) try to advise why the teams that were set up after Changing Childbirth did not work. Caroline Flints team who were the focus of a know your midwife (KYM) scheme, had worked as a team for a while and each person had a strength so their dynamics were successful. When teams were created during the NHS Deery Kirkham suggest that no thought was given to the team environment and as such midwives were quite anxious and felt demotivated and demoralized. These midwives, who were meant to provide support to the women in their care, were not supported in their working environment. It was apparent that the focus was on finances and not on the women. This was echoed by Clarke (2004) who suggests that changing childbirth wasnt accepted by midwives as they felt unprepared and unwilling to accept th e new level of responsibility (p227) Maternity Matters As a driver to safeguard childbearing and womens health, it seems appropriate to say what they advice autonomous to mean. Autonomy means having the freedom to act on behalf of childbearing women and work in partnership, have knowledge and capability to provide continuous care for straightforward pregnancies as well as having a working relationship with other members of the healthcare team. Do you agree The executive summary advised its aim was to develop a patient-led NHS that uses available resources as effectively and fairly as possible to promote health, reduce health inequalities and deliver the best and safest health care. It also advised that there should be National choice guarantees:- 1. Choice of how to access maternity care 2. Choice of type of antenatal care 3. Choice of place of birth homebirth birth in local facility , inc hospital, with MLC birth in hospital with maternity team 4. Choice of postnatal care. Is it happening anywhere? The Prime Ministers Commission on the future of Nursing and Midwifery in England It drew on systematic reviews conducted in OECD countries with broadly comparable health systems and nursing/midwifery roles; 17 of the 32 reviews looked at studies from the UK. It only included studies where it could be ascertained what was being done and by whom, and to what other types of care nursing and midwifery was compared (no intervention, different models of nursing or midwifery care, or care from other health professionals).Can easily be interpreted as a revision of Maternity Matters and NSF Children, Young People and Maternity Services and Changing Childbirth. The Commission was launched by the Prime Minister on 10 March 2009, and was asked to report by the end of March 2010. It was highlighted early on that there was room for improvement in maternity services; there were unnecessary medical interventions, limited choices limited involvement in decision making for women. The commission called for views off people and in 4 months their independent website had had 14000 hits. They received 2500 views, but this was from organisations on behalf of their members and individuals. Most people understood the role of the midwife in relation to maternity, however, many worryingly, believed that the doctor input was necessary even in normal pregnancy. They reviewed existing effectiveness ( cost effectiveness) drew on rapid systematic reviews and the findings for midwifery was positive! Midwife led care for low risk women compared to dr led care appears to improve a range of maternal outcomes. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å"no of procedures in labour and à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ satisfaction with care. No evidence of any adverse outcomes associated with MLC. They have proposed a pledge to be taken on under the NHS constitution, which they believe after interpreting the feedback, renew the sense of civic responsibility and provide guidance on handling the impact of economic pressures on health services. The guiding principles of the NHS are underpinned by core values derived from extensive discussions with staff, patients and public. These values are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ respect and dignity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ commitment to quality of care à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ compassion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ improving lives à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ working together for patients à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ everyone counts. Evaluation of midwifery Our commissioned review found evidence of the benefits of midwifery in three systematic reviews conducted in the UK, Switzerland and the USA that compared midwife-led care during pregnancy and after birth with doctor-led care (Caird et al. 2010). No evidence of a difference between providers was found for infant outcomes. Midwife-led care demonstrated better maternal outcomes than doctorled care with respect to pregnancy-induced hypertension, spontaneous vaginal birth and breastfeeding initiation, and less intervention, in terms of instrumental deliveries, episiotomies, use of analgesia and anaesthesia. Women receiving midwife-led care were less likely to experience antenatal hospitalization and fetal monitoring in labour. Midwife-led care was beneficial in terms of service users satisfaction and perception of care, and was more likely than doctor-led care to result in attendance at birth by a known midwife. There was no evidence of a difference between providers with respect to some other maternal outcomes and interventions, including Caesarean sections. The mean number of antenatal visits and duration of postnatal stay did not differ between providers. Other studies support this evidence that midwife-led care for low-risk women, when compared to doctor-led care, appears to improve a range of maternal outcomes, reduce the number of procedures in labour, and increase satisfaction with care. The narrower scope and more specific expected outcomes of midwifery make its socioeconomic case easier to construct. The challenge is not to analyse what midwives can contribute, but to ensure their resource is properly used. At present, for example, there is some wasteful duplication between midwife and GP, and midwife and obstetrician. The midwifery offer has not changed and the midwife should work at all times in the way she is enabled to in statute and through education; otherwise society is not getting best value for money. High Impact Actions for Nursing Midwifery A page advises that increasing normal birth and stop unnecessary caesarean sections through MWs taking the lead role. Gould (2010) advises that this document defines the need to rebalance between medical focus and more emphasis on involving midwifery, however, Goldstein (2007) (In Gould 2010) suggests that more work should be done to stop loss aversion phenomena, whereby the public believe that an obstetric unit becoming a midwife led unit is a downgrade and not a positive. A sense of loss for not having Drs and Epidural available. However, it could also be that this time of budget cutting, could assist with the Prime Ministers commission as Gould (2007) suggests that medicalization will not be affordable. This would certainly help with a redistribution of power.

South Africa Gdp Compared to Brazil’s

Personal quote: Through economics, engineer the world†¦ ECONOMICS 232 BRAZIL- SA REPORT Introduction In 2010, South Africa joined The BRIC and set its level of ambition not only as an African leader, but also as an emerging world class economy along Russia, China, India and Brazil. This report will analyze and look at the economic trends and fluctuations between the later and South Africa from the year 2000 to 2010 using released World Bank data. AnalysisAccording to the World Bank, South Africa GDP was of about one hundred and thirty two billion in 2000 while Brazil’s was at six hundred and forty four billion Dollars. Over the following decade 2000 – 2010, the two economies registered a considerable and equal improvement of their total production with a respective increase of 41 % for South Africa and 42% in the case of Brazil. The GDP per capita on the other hand increased at a lower rate over the same period. While South Africa leveled up by 22. 4%, Brazil bette red its GPD per capita by 25 . %. This further entails a GDP yearly increase of $ 1095 /capita with regards to the former, and $1409/capita for the later. A better look at aggregate expenditure components will provide more detailed resources in explaining the above increase of GDP within the two economies. In 2000, South Africa and Brazil consumption by households ( C ) was about 63% and 64% of GDP, largely above the rest of the components where total gross capital formation ( I ) lied low with 16% and 18% respectively, and lastly a total government expenditure ( G ) of 18 and 19%.As it appears, the two economies spent relatively equivalent proportions of their expenditure aggregate component on GDP. At the end of the decade,2010, total consumption ( C ) rose by 49 % for both economies, Investment ( I ) strongly incremented by 93% with regards to South Africa and 52% in the case of Brazil which correlated with a respective increase of 3. 17% and 45% increase in the money supply in b oth countries over the period.Parallel to the increase in GDP, the two economies registered noticeable increases of Gross Value Added ( VGA ). In fact, between 2000 and 2010, South Africa VGA increased by 38% while Brazil as usual experienced a little higher accretion of 41 %. Looking at sectorial contribution, tertiary sector imparted for more than half of total VGA in 2000 as illustrated by the graphs below. 1. 1 South Africa World Bank 2000 data analysis : Sectorial Contribution to VGA . 2 Brazil World Bank 2000 data analysis : Sectorial contribution to VGA In 2010, South Africa tertiary contribution to VGA only increased marginally by 3% and hence moved from 65% in 2000 to 68% in 2010 where it leveled up to Brazil’s. Conversely, primary and secondary sector contribution deteriorated between 2000 and 2010 . The South African primary sector declined from 3% to 2% while the secondary also experienced a marginal decline of 3%.On that point, Brazil went through proportional ch anges with secondary sector falling from 28% to 25%, leaving the primary with a small yet surprising amelioration of its contribution from 5. 60% to 5. 86% . Graph 2. 1 and 2. 2 provide a more visual depiction of the above facts. 2. 1 South Africa World Bank 2010 data analysis : Sectorial contribution to VGA 2. 2. Brazil World Bank 2010 data analysis : Sectorial contribution to VGA Besides the above increase in VGA, another important factor to be onsidered is how the level of openness of both countries drastically evolved over the decade 2000 -2010. South Africa exports incremented by 13% while Brazil’s skyrocketed by 86%. This implies that Brazil opened to the rest of the world at a much higher level, local firms growing into world competitors, which not only appreciated the country’s currency but increased its competiveness and decreased dependency on imported products. South Africa imports increased by 73% in contrast to Brazil which only increased by 21%.This high level of imports from South Africa will eventually result in the deterioration of the balance of payment. Moreover, while Brazil rate of unemployment oscillated between 6 and 9% over the decade, South Africa experienced a rather high rate of unemployment, the lowest in 2007 and 2008 with an average rate of 23% and the highest between 2002 and 2003 with an average of 31%. Conclusion This report deciphered and revealed an objective analysis of two BRICS economies, precisely South Africa and Brazil over ten years, 2000-2010. Erouane Langard 747 Words

Accounting Information System - 6282 Words

Journal Entries in an ERP This assignment reviews basic accounting entries for a series of transactions, emphasizes the integration of journals to the financial statements, and introduces students to these journal entries in SAP ERP Journal Entries in an ERP This assignment reviews basic accounting entries for a series of transactions, emphasizes the integration of journals to the financial statements, and introduces students to these journal entries in SAP ERP ProductSAP ERP GBIRelease 6.04LevelUndergraduateGraduateBeginnerFocusAccounting Entries in Manual and Automated SystemsIntegration of Accounting JournalsAuthorsJim MenschingNancy JonesContributorsPatti BrownVersion1.0 | MOTIVATIONThis assignment is†¦show more content†¦John Davis earned his racing scars in the mountain racing circuit in America, where he won numerous downhill and cross-country championships. 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Economics Project Phase - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 965 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Did you like this example? ECONOMICS PROJECT PHASE – I DEMAND ANALYSIS HIMALAYA NEEM FACE WASH Submitted to: Ms. Geeta Jaglan Submitted By: Kapil Chadha Kriti Puri Section: E 1ST SEM. AIBS AMITY UNIVERSITY CONTENTS 1. Basic Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 2. Price Elasticity of the Product†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 3. Analysis of the Product†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 4. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 BASIC INTRODUCTION DEMAND The amount of a particular economic goods or service that a consumer or group of consumers will want to purchase at a given price. In simple words, it refers to how much (quantity) of a product or service is desired by buyers (Consumers) Example: A person wants an LAPTOP and he has $700 to spend on it. He is ready to spare $700 and so he has created a demand for that product which the market should supply. SUPPLY The total amount of goods or service available for purchase depending on the demand is called supply. In other words, it represents how much a market can offer for the product demanded. The quantity supplied refers to the amount of a certain good producers are willing to supply when receiving a certain price. DEMAND CURVE The demand curve shows the amount that consumers are willing to buy given a particular market price. It is the graphical representation of a demand schedule. For example: A De mand schedule of a Particular product is as follows: PRICE54321 QTY. DEMANDED1017265375 The Demand Curve will be The demand curve is usually downward sloping, since consumers will want to buy more as price decreases. Demand for a good or service is determined by many different factors other than price, such as the price of substitute goods and complementary goods. In extreme cases, demand may be completely unrelated to price, or nearly infinite at a given price. Along with supply, demand is one of the two key determinants of the market price. FACTORS DETERMINING THE DEMAND of the PRODUCT Some factors that determine the demand for a product: ?Price of Product and its substitutes ?Consumer’s income ?Consumer’s taste and preferences ?Consumer’s Future expectations ?Population of a country and its credit facility ELASTICITY of DEMAND The Degree of responsiveness of demand to the change in its determinants is called Elasticity of Demand In simple, elasticity is th e ratio of the percent change in one variable to the percent change in another variable. This concept plays an important role in business-decisions regarding manoeuvring of prices with a view to making larger profits. PRICE ELASTICITY of DEMAND Generally it is defined as the responsiveness or sensitiveness of demand for a commodity to the changes in its price. More precisely, elasticity of demand is the percentage change in demand as a result of one percent change in the price of commodity. Price elasticity (ep) is given by Mathematically, definition of elasticity is given by Where Qd = Original Quantity demanded P = Original price ?Q = Change in quantity demanded ?P = Change in price. PRICE ELASTICITY AND TOTAL REVENUE Price and total revenue are related as follows: Total Revenue = Price ? Quantity There may be 3 kinds of price elasticity a). Less than unit elastic (ep1) In this situation, change in quantity demanded is greater than the proportionate change in price. Therefor e total revenue increases as price falls and vice versa. An increase in price would result in an increase in revenue, and a decrease in price would result in a decrease in revenue. In the extreme case of elasticity near 0, the demand curve would be nearly vertical, and the quantity demanded would be almost independent of price. The case of zero elasticity is described as being perfectly inelastic. PRICE ELASTICITY of the PRODUCT PRODUCT TAKEN Himalaya Purifying Neem Face Wash 100ml. One of the most prominent product of The Himalaya Drug Company, the demand of this product is growing day by day irrespective of the increase in the price of the product. Its total revenue is increasing which is discussed below: PRICE ELASTICITY Himalaya Neem Face Wash (100ml) sales statistics Sales VolumePrice in Rs. Dec’08-Sep’09Oct’09-Jul’10% ChangeDec’08-Sep’09Oct’09-Jul’10% Change 22,19,65833,13,97949. 30%65707. 69% Substituting in the fo rmulae of price elasticity, we have ep = (49. 30/7. 69) = 6. 41 which is greater than 1 ep1which means elastic demand. Here we see an increase in the total revenue (TR) as a result of the marginal increase in the prices. ANALYSIS OF THE PRODUCT FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR ELASTIC DEMAND ?During the last 2 years many new products have been launched by the competitors like Everyouth face wash, Ponds, Garnier etc with nominal price range but because of the herbal nature and optimum quality of the product, it is still winning the hearts of the consumer. The product contains less of chemicals as it is herbal in nature. Consumers these days are shifting more towards buying herbal products to minimize the harmful effects of chemicals. ?The price increase is marginal in nature and is not affecting the buying capacity of the consumers. ?The marketing strategy of the company so as to reach to the common man is much more effective than its competitors. ?In recent years, consumers taste and prefere nces has taken a shift towards natural products as they are not harmful to their body. CONCLUSION After analyzing the price elasticity of the product, we found that the demand sales of Himalaya Neem Face Wash has been increasing steadily over the years and currently the company is enjoying the peak position in face wash categories in India. Even an increase in the price of the product didn’t have any effect on its demand. With monthly sales of more than 5, 00,000 units, Himalaya is the leader in face wash segment in India with a market share of around 70%. The study of this phase of the project has helped us to understand the concept of â€Å"Demand Analysis and Price Elasticity† and how this concept is useful in analyzing the demand of the product and its applications. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Economics Project Phase" essay for you Create order