Review a Range of Assessments Methods Essay

Without some kind of assessment then you will find it difficult to measure whether learning has taken place or not. The reasons for assessing is to find out if someone is capable of doing a course at a particular level or to see if they are ready to go on to the next level due to the higher level of work required. â€Å"Assessment is the process of obtaining information about how much the student knows and evaluation involves using that information to form judgements which, in turn, are to be used in decision making† (Ian Reece, Stephen Walker chapter 6) There are a number of assessment methods used and used in different contexts. Different types of courses require different types of assessments. Initial/ Diagnostic Assessment; this is usually done at the start, before someone is about to undertake a course or qualification. As you need to know what they know already about the chosen subject to learn. This then gives you an idea of what level you can place them at. It is an evaluation of a person’s strengths and weaknesses, knowledge and skills. Independent Assessment is an objective view by someone who is from outside the organisation (Independent governing body), who comes into the course (usually towards the end) and makes a decision on the students achievement. Formative Assessment- as a Business and Enterprise Manager this on going assessment is used and allows the student to improve and I can monitor and observe them in practical’s on a regular basis. Allowing regular feedback on what they need to improve on. The main use of assessments for teachers is the on going or formative assessment†( Geoffrey Petty 1998 p401). Summative Assessments are usually done at the end of the course of learning. Students will then know if they have passed or failed in their bid to gain the qualification or referred to re-do part of the course. Observational assessment allows the tutor to see if the student can perform a certain skill that has already been demonstrated or taught. This also allows me to step in if the student is making any mistakes. Questions and Answers are usually used to see if a student has gained the understanding and assess their knowledge of a chosen subject. You may need to re-phrase questions as some students can be put off by the way a question is being asked. Simple explanations and clarity for a simple response and answer. This area would also cover written reports, assignments, projects, portfolios and tests as well as oral questioning with regards to past experience and achievements. Log Books/ Learning journals are a useful way of seeing if a student has transferred the theory into practice. Practical assessments allow you to see if the student can put the theory based learning into practice. Possibly by doing role play and demonstrations. In my teaching role I use a range of assessment methods that include Practical observation , this involves role play, It allows me to see what the students are like within a group setting but also how they work on their own and to see if they are reaching the targets that have been set. I also use questions and answers. This process is used at the end of the session but before the recap to identify that the students have understood. This involves asking the students questions related to the task or activity so they can give me a critical answer of what and why they are doing a particular thing. I am then able to make a record of this by a simple â€Å" thumbs up if understood† or â€Å" thumbs down† if not. I am then able to make an evaluation of my teaching sessions.

Stylistic Analysis of the Text “The Last Leaf

/* * */ package javafxgrouping; /** * * @author 094632220 */ public class StudentEntity { // private String id; private String name; private String className; public StudentEntity(){ } public StudentEntity(String aID, String aName, String className) { this. id = aID; this. name = aName; this. className = className; } public String getId() { return id; } public void setId(String id) { this. id = id; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this. name = name; } public String getClassName() { return className; } public void setClassName(String className) { his. className = className; } @Override public String toString() { String str = id + â€Å",† + name + â€Å",† + className ; return str; } } /* * : TaDB. java * —————————– * HashMap HashMap id( )? * , taMap? HashMap * , (public ): * TaEntity findEntry(String id): * String findName(String id): * int rows(): * Iterator getIterator(): ( ) */ package javafxgrouping; import java. io. BufferedReader; import java. io. FileNotFoundException; import java. io. FileReader; mport java. io. IOException; import java. util. ArrayList; import java. util. HashMap; import java. util. Iterator; import java. util. Map; import java. util. StringTokenizer; /** * * @author */ public class TaDB { /* */ private Map taMap; // (HashMap) /* * TaDB, (TA. txt) * , */ public TaDB(String filename) { taMap = new HashMap(); // /* */ FileReader fr = null; try { fr = new FileReader(filename); } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { System. out. print(â€Å" † + filename + â€Å"! ); } /* */ BufferedReader bf = new BufferedReader(fr); String line; try { // while ((line = bf. readLine()) ! = null) { // , ta ArrayList ta = new ArrayList(); StringTokenizer tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(line, â€Å",†); ta. add(tokenizer. nextToken()); while (tokenizer. hasMoreTokens()) { String token = tokenizer. nextToken(); ta. add(token); } // TaEntity entry = new TaEntity(ta. get(0), ta. get(1), ta. get(2), ta. get(3), ta. get(4), ta. get(5)); // (HashMap) taMap. put(entry. getId(), entry); } } catch (IOException e) { System. ut. print(â€Å" † + filename + â€Å"! â€Å"); } } /* * id( ) , null? */ public TaEntity findEntry(String id) { return taMap. get(id); } /* * id( ) , null? */ public String findName(String id) { return taMap. get(id). getName(); } /* * */ public int rows() { return taMap. size(); } /* * (id) */ public Iterator getIterator() { return taMap. keySet(). iterator(); } } /* * */ package javafxgrouping; /** * * @author */ public class TaEntity { private String id; // private String name; // rivate String iid; // private String email; // private String phone; // private String tutor; // /* */ public TaEntity() { } /* */ public TaEntity(String aID, String aName, String aIID, String aEmail, String aPhone, String aTutor) { this. id = aID; this. name = aName; this. iid = aIID; this. email = aEmail; this. phone = aPhone; this. tutor = aTutor; } /*getter ? setter*/ public String getId() { return id; } public void setId(String ID) { this. id = ID; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this. name = name; } public String getIid() { eturn iid; } public void setIid(String IID) { this. iid = IID; } public String getEmail() { return email; } public void setEmail(String email) { this. email = email; } public String getPhone() { return phone; } public void setPhone(String phone) { this. phone = phone; } public String getTutor() { return tutor; } public void setTutor(String tutor) { this. tutor = tutor; } * */ @Override public String toString() { String str = id + â€Å",† + name + â€Å",† + iid + â€Å",† + email + â€Å",† + phone + â€Å",† + tutor; return str; } } /* * */ package javafxgrouping; import java. io. FileWriter; import java. io.IOException; import java. io. PrintWriter ; import java. util. ArrayList; import java. util. Iterator; import java. util. Random; import java. util. logging. Level; import java. util. logging. Logger; import javafx. application. Application; import javafx. collections. FXCollections; import javafx. collections. ObservableList; import javafx. event. ActionEvent; import javafx. event. EventHandler; import javafx. scene. Group; import javafx. scene. Scene; import javafx. scene. control. Button; import javafx. scene. control. ListView; import javafx. scene. input. MouseEvent; import javafx. scene. text. Font; import javafx. stage.Stage; /** * * @author */ public class JavaFXGrouping extends Application { // HTML private static String htmlFileName = â€Å"group. xhtml†; // CSS private static String cssFileName = â€Å"style. css†; private final int sceneWidth = 900; // private final int sceneHeight = 660; //// private TaDB taDb = new TaDB(â€Å"src/javafxgrouping/TA. txt†); // // , private StudentsDB studen tsDb = new StudentsDB(â€Å"src/javafxgrouping/Students. txt†); private ArrayList taIdArray = new ArrayList(); // d private ArrayList studentIdArray = new ArrayList(); // id private ArrayList studentAdd = new ArrayList(); private int studentsNo = studentsDb. rows(); private int groupNo = taDb. rows(); // , private Button btn = new Button(â€Å" â€Å"); // â€Å" â€Å" private Button btn1 = new Button(â€Å" HTML â€Å"); // â€Å" HTML â€Å" private ListView[] group = new ListView[groupNo]; // , 1? rivate ObservableList[] myObservableList = new ObservableList[groupNo]; // private Group root = new Group(); // @Override public void start(final Stage primaryStage) { // â€Å" â€Å" btn. setFont(Font. font(null, 24)); btn. setLayoutX(sceneWidth – 240); btn. setLayoutY(20); btn. setPrefSize(220, 50); // â€Å" HTML â€Å" btn1. setFont(Font. font(null, 24)); btn1. setLayoutX(sceneWidth – 240); btn1. setLayoutY(20); btn1. setPrefSize(220, 50); btn1. se tVisible(false); initArray(); // taIdArray? studentIdArray drawGroupList(); // , root. getChildren(). ddAll(btn, btn1); // Scene scene = new Scene(root, sceneWidth, sceneHeight); // primaryStage. setTitle(â€Å" â€Å"); // primaryStage. setScene(scene); // primaryStage. show(); // //† â€Å" ( ) btn. setOnAction(new EventHandler() { @Override public void handle(ActionEvent event) { btn. setVisible(false); randomGrouping(); btn1. setVisible(true); } }); //† HTML â€Å" ( ) btn1. setOnAction(new EventHandler() { @Override public void handle(ActionEvent event) { writeToFile(); btn1. setVisible(false); } }); } ** * JavaFX main() IDE FX * NetBeans main() * * @ args */ public static void main(String[] args) { launch(args); } private void drawGroupList() { int k; for (int j = 0; j < groupNo; j++) { myObservableList[j] = FXCollections. observableArrayList(); group[j] = new ListView(); group[j]. setStyle(â€Å"-fx-font-size:18;†); group[j]. setItems(myObservableList [j]); group[j]. setLayoutX(20 + j * 60); group[j]. setLayoutY(20 + j * 34); group[j]. setPrefSize(360, 320); k = j + 1; myObservableList[j]. add(â€Å"? † + k + â€Å"? [ :† + taIdArray. et(j) + â€Å",† + taDb. findName(taIdArray. get(j)) + â€Å"]†); final int i = j; group[j]. setOnMouseClicked(new EventHandler() { @Override public void handle(MouseEvent event) { group[i]. toFront(); } }); root. getChildren(). add(group[j]); } } private void initArray() { // id Iterator taIterator = taDb. getIterator(); while (taIterator. hasNext()) { taIdArray. add(taIterator. next()); } // id , Iterator studentsIterator = studentsDb. getIterator(); while (studentsIterator. hasNext()) { studentIdArray. add(studentsIterator. ext()); } } private void randomGrouping() { // , int i, j, num = 0; Random studentsRandom = new Random(); for (i = 0; i < groupNo; i++) { j = 0; if (i < studentsNo % groupNo) { while (((studentsNo – num) ! = 0) && (j < studentsNo / groupNo + 1)) { j++; int studentNo = studentsRandom. nextInt(studentsNo – num); myObservableList[i]. add(studentsDb. findclassName(studentIdArray. get(studentNo)) + â€Å",† + studentIdArray. get(studentNo) + â€Å",† + studentsDb. findName(studentIdArray. get(studentNo))); studentAdd. add(studentIdArray. et(studentNo)); studentIdArray. remove(studentNo); num++; if (num == studentsNo) { break; } } } else { while (((studentsNo – num) ! = 0) && (j < studentsNo / groupNo)) { j++; int studentNo = studentsRandom. nextInt(studentsNo – num); myObservableList[i]. add(studentsDb. findclassName(studentIdArray. get(studentNo)) + â€Å",† + studentIdArray. get(studentNo) + â€Å",† + studentsDb. findName(studentIdArray. get(studentNo))); studentAdd. add(studentIdArray. get(studentNo)); studentIdArray. remove(studentNo); num++; f (num == studentsNo) { break; } } } } } private void writeToFile() { writeToHtml(htmlFileName); createCss(cssFileName); } private void writeToHtml(String fileName) { // HTML , PrintWriter wr = null; try { wr = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter(htmlFileName)); } catch (IOException ex) { Logger. getLogger(JavaFXGrouping. class. getName()). log(Level. SEVERE, null, ex); } wr. println(â€Å"

Care Giver Perceptions of End of Life Care for COPD Patient

Care Giver Perceptions of End of Life Care for COPD Patient RESEARCH PROPOSAL Title: Exploring the primary family care givers perceptions of care giving for end of life care of COPD ICU patient. Introduction: The world perspective is shifting towards non-communicable diseases, with chronic conditions such as heart disease, stroke and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as chief causes of death globally. COPD is a chronic progressive disease of air flow obstruction which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. COPD is predicted as 3 rd leading cause of death in 2030 according to 2008 WHO statistics. In terms of social burden of disease quantified by disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost, COPD ranked as the 12th leading cause of DALYs lost worldwide in 1990, but will be the 7th leading cause of DALY lost worldwide in 2030.COPD is more common among world age people due to decreased lung function capacity. The world population above 60 years was1.7% in 2013 and will continue to grow as a reaching 21.1 per cent by 2050 (world a geing population 2013). COPD is one of the major 8th leading causes of death in Singapore. According to MOH 2013 census COPD causes 1.6% of deaths per 18938 populations.COPD is a treatable disease but not a curable one. So ultimately it increases the economic burden of the country by its chronicity, rate of hospital readmission and affects the quality of life Lynn, 2000; Simonds, 2004).The palliative care needs of patients with end-stage respiratory diseases are increasingly being recognized (Curtis, 2008; Lanken et al., 2008) . The COPD patient experience significant impairment of quality of life and physical and psychological needs when compare to individual with lung cancer (Core et al., 2000; Edmonds et al., 2001; Skilbeck et al., 1998; Tranmer et al, 2003). Why family members? When there is progression of diseases it imposes negative impacts on psychological health of Care givers (Daniela Figueiredo, 2014). Careers are more likely to suffer from anxiety and depressive symptoms providing continuous care during the advance stage of the disease and end of life care (Abebaw Mengistus Yohannes 2007). Preparation for death should include a realistic appraisal of the prospects for dying peacefully at home. (Hansen –Flaschen J .2004) Most of the patients are willing to be housebound at the end stage of life so its responsibility of family cares to provide continuous care and support them White P (2011) stated 45% were housebound, 75% had a career in end stage of COPD . despite no studies have been conducted qualitatively on family care givers perception on End of life care on COPD in Asian countries .

Leadership and service improvement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Leadership and service improvement - Essay Example It barely comes as a shock that the working conditions in most nursing systems are wanting. My work area is no different. I work as a National Health Service nurse in a Short Stay Ward. We keep patients at the ward for a maximum of seventy two hours before we discharge them or transfer them elsewhere if need be. Of late we have adopted a QCC drive to carry out the function of patient observations for the first twenty four hours of their admission at intervals of four hours each. Thereafter the nurses are required to apply their professional intellect and decide how often the patients need observation. My unit of fellow nurses and I decided that eight-hour-intervals would be quite appropriate for patient observations for the next forty eight hours of their admission. All our patient observations go into the database to enable the Trust note when we complete them on time and when we fail to as well. Failure of which, a fine is charged on all the nurses by the QCC. The system perceives itself to be foolproof and top-notch, needless to mention. The reality is quite the contrar y. Despite our commitment to the working of this system, it has proven to be problematic. Here is why. After a much-needed debate for a reasonable amount of time, my unit and I decided that our first patient observations during the initial twenty four hours which are to be done at eight-hour intervals would be at 6:00 hours and 14:00 hours respectively. As for the latter patient observations at four-hour intervals, we agreed upon 6:00 hours, 10:00 hours, 14:00 hours, 18:00 hours, 22:00 hours and 2:00 hours in that order. The rest of the hours are appropriate but for 6:00 hours, which is undoubtedly a challenge. First off, the patients do need their rest. Waking them up at 6:00 hours in the morning for their routine observations certainly does not help this aspect of their recovery. It is deemed problematic and causes a disturbance to the patients a lot more than it helps. As if

Name one of the subdisciplines of Psychology and describe it. Describe Essay

Name one of the subdisciplines of Psychology and describe it. Describe the DSM-IV. Why is Wilhelm Wundt an important figure in Psychology How does Behaviorism differ from Structuralism - Essay Example and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders which has been created and published by the APA (American Psychiatric Association and is manual that consists of information regarding to various mental disorders that are experienced by human beings (Rutherford, 2004, p.239). Wilhelm Wundt is recognized as the father of psychology and he has been regarded with such prestige because he was the creator of first laboratory for the field of psychology and separated psychology from philosophy and recognized that psychology was a separate field and had separate issues to solve through separate methods. It was his contribution that provided support to the formation of behaviorism and methods used by him to study psychology are still under operation. Behaviorism studies human behavior under the light of psychology, this means that behaviorists try to determine the reasons due to which human beings behave in a certain manner. Structuralism focuses on the fact that the aim of psychology is to interpret how environment impacts the consciousness of an individual and the changes in behavior exhibited by individuals when they come in contact with different

Personal Development Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Personal Development Plan - Essay Example As a result of the way and manner in which I approach my work with much confidence, my clients have always had trust in my ability to delivery, which is a very important tool for ensuring that I deliver up to expected standards for my clients. Equally so is the confidence and trust that my co-workers and superiors have in me. Finally, I have showed great strength in my knowledge in general x-ray procedures, which has affected the output of my work very positively. In the delivery of my works, there are very specific procedures such as fluoroscopy that I have not effectively mastered. My communication with some line of people is also affected with my difficulty in understanding their accent. Very often also, I have overworked myself, causing me to be stressed. Lastly, I do not have an in-depth knowledge in the area of pathology. These weaknesses are actually guidelines for me as to how I need to develop my action plan into the future to function more effectively. This is because I realise that if I am able to overcome these weaknesses and turn them into strengths, I shall become more useful at work. As important as it is for me work on all my identified weaknesses, I believe that taking this one at a time will be much helpful for me. For this reason, I have a focusing area which I want to start with. This focus area has to do with developing my knowledge in pathology. I have selected this as my focusing area due to the direct influence and linkage it has on my professional practice. With my work in x-ray procedures and radiography in general, I find the development of my knowledge in pathology as a crucial requirement that will ensure that I have a total understanding for my patients and their health situations. Clearly having a better understanding of the overall health structure of a patient helps in giving quality healthcare to the patient. As pathology deals with â€Å"the examination of organs,

Do the reading and answer the 7 question below Coursework

Do the reading and answer the 7 question below - Coursework Example The older Chinese in our families opposed the discussion and asserted that women are fixing problems that do not exist. Definitely, this increased the ire of the more hot-headed members of my ingroup. She managed to control her anger, but I could see that she was enraged with her red face and nearly-tearful eyes. In this example, two groups competed over the power to influence the youth, wherein power is a limited resource that cannot be easily shared, as in the Realistic Conflict Theory. The outgroup wants females to remain submissive and perform largely domestic roles, while the ingroup desires gender equality, including equal roles and responsibilities in their home and work lives. 2. b. Indicate the vitalities of these two groups (high/medium, low, etc.) by comparing their relative positions on the main vitality factors separately -- as well as their overall relative vitalities. Importantly, how did you arrive at these sets of judgments? Since we are now in the United States of America, the outgroup mentioned in #1 has medium vitality compared to when they are in the rural areas of China. In China, many people continue to have gendered ideas about women’s and men’s functions and social status, especially when their culture and religion teach gendered values. Here in the U.S., we have high vitality in terms of mass media, education, government services, industry, religion, culture, and politics, especially when it comes to the discussion of gender issues. However, if I will analyze the same aspects that give our ingroup the vitality, they are not completely promoting gender equality. Mass media, for instance, sends mixed messages regarding traditional and non-traditional female roles and functions. Education continues to teach that some jobs are more appropriate for males than females because of the continuation of burden for females to take care of their families, so they rarely have

Ansewring qustions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ansewring qustions - Essay Example There are things that we know from our birth and they do not need to be proved anyhow. These things are priori like 2+2 = 4, they do not need any evidences and explanation why it is so. The views of empiricists are quite opposite; they think that only experience can give way to knowledge. All the suppositions, which are considered by rationalists to be priori, empiricists considered as â€Å"trifling† if they were not proved by experience (Blackburn). As for me I can’t state that I agree with any of these theories, both of them are useful. Philosophy is a science, in which we can’t find right or wrong opinions. However, I must say that the views of empiricists are closer to my own views. The fact is that I do not believe in things I did not see with my own eyes. Thus, in my opinion, the experience is very important and every supposition must have its own evidence to become a statement. We can state something only if it was already proved and we have the proofs. 2. Kant: Why, for Kant, is the rationalist argument insufficient to explain knowledge? What does it mean to know something is â€Å"a priori†? How exactly does the connection between our reason and sensory impressions work? Be sure to include some substantive text based information including the role of synthetic a priori propositions? According to the great philosopher Immanuel Kant, it is useless to support something without the evidences received from experience. Every statement should be proved with the help of experience. The theories based on such approach like rationalist theories can’t be helpful anyhow. Thus, further work was needed to be done in this direction. These views were reflected by the great philosopher in his work called the Critique of Pure Reason. According to Kant, the word â€Å"sensibility† and the word â€Å"sense† are closely connected in meaning. That is why,

Memoir of Not a a Writer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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The Key stone XL Pipeline Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Key stone XL Pipeline - Research Paper Example The sponsor of the project is TransCanada who is ready to cater for implementation and performance of the project (Devaney 2011). President Obama rejected the establishment of the XL Pipeline 0n January 18, 2012 by postponing the decision. He was against the idea since the Pipeline will affect people’s underground water supply and Oglala Aquifer. After the president’s decision of rejection, the gas prices rose leading to rise of many protestors who participated in both sides for and against the Pipeline. As TransCanada states, the XL Pipeline would create twenty thousand construction and manufacturing jobs. The consumers are the stakeholders whom this decision made by Barrack Obama affects. This is because they are the one that live near the pipeline. The Oglala tribe is the one whom this decision majorly affects since they are the one who live nearest when compared to other tribes. People in the states advocate for the project since it will open job opportunities to the society around. Opening of job opportunities will lead to development of the areas and improved standards of living to the people around (Devaney 2011). The pipeline would pollute water and air in the area and harm wildlife and birds. This is a critical concern that is worth analyzing critically since environmental pollution should not be encouraged. Pollution of fresh water from household consumption is a crucial issue of concern to the government of the United States since people cannot live without water. Water is an extremely essential commodity that is vital for human survival (Rickert 2011). The decision for and against will have effects to the consumer which might be positive or negative. An ethical dilemma lies where the TransCanada faces the decision on whether to start the project or not. This is a critical area since the decision affects the citizens in the States in either way. Professionals have to analyze the decision that

Panera Bread Essay Example for Free

Panera Bread Essay Panera Bread is a nationwide known eatery that provides premium foods in a sophisticated atmosphere. Panera Bread is in the line of bakery-cafà ©. They decided to set themselves apart from eateries such as McDonald’s, Wendy’s, and Burger King. The stores are equipped with very intimate settings and Wi-Fi. Panera Bread specializes in a variety fresh baked bread and meal options for the health conscience customer. SWOT Analysis Strengths †¢Panera Bread is known nationwide and this helps to attract customers. †¢Panera Bread has an assortment of fresh breads and meal offerings to accommodate those that are health conscience. †¢Panera Bread moved past the fast food market and decided to offer high-quality, premium food to its customers. †¢The overall ambience of the eatery gives an intimate, at home feel that makes the customer want †¢Scott Davis, senior vice president and chief concept office had a clear vision of the direction Panera Bread would take and a clear strategy of how to achieve that goal. Weakness †¢The eatery offers premium, fast dining and the prices may appear to be on the higher end to customers. †¢Panera Bread has not been able to increase the frequency of which customers dine at the eatery. †¢In order to enter as a franchise, Panera Bread has a very strict list of criteria that makes it difficult to qualify. Opportunities †¢Panera Bread can cease the opportunity to offer their fresh baked breads in supermarkets or sell their breads in store to customers. †¢Panera Bread has the opportunity to offer a lower end eating experience. This lower end chain will appeal to potential customers who cannot afford and expensive meal for the family. Threats †¢Panera Bread’s direct competition is fast-casual restaurants. †¢The change in the economy has affected how often individuals and families go outside of the home to dine. Alternatives 1.Offer Panera Bread’s signature dough and bread to local supermarkets or for sell at the Panera stores. 2.Introducing a lower market restaurant. 3.Make entering the franchise easier by making the criteria to qualify less strict. Discussion of Alternatives Alternative 1: Pros: Offering their dough for purchase by customers has the potential to generate more revenue for the company. It will also introduce the Panera Bread brand into households of those who have not visited the restaurant. Cons: The cost to produce the fresh dough to customers may exceed the overall gain to the company. Alternative 2: Pros: Introducing an alternate chain to appeal to a lower income customer base will expand the customer base. With the present state of the economy, families are finding it hard to eat out especially when the prices are high. Cons: This particular alternative detours the company from their clear goal. With so many affordable eateries, Panera Bread strives to set itself apart from the others. Alternative 3: Pros: Easing the criteria would make entry in the franchise easier. This will allow for more Panera Bread stores to open. Cons: Easing the criteria would deteriorate the stability of the franchise. The strict criteria ensure the overall success of the franchise. Recommendations Panera Bread would benefit most by teaming up with supermarkets to supply fresh baked Panera Bread. Even though the company itself does not serve frozen bread, it may be a good idea to offer the frozen dough for customers to purchase.

Quality management Essay Example for Free

Quality management Essay Dialogue 2: Identify two (2) thought leaders relative to quality management. Research each to determine their core ideas and contributions. Synthesize your thoughts about each into a one paragraph (per leader) that contains important and meaningful statements about each thought leader, their contributions, and the relevance of the contribution today regarding the work of project managers. Joseph M. Juran Dr. Juran devoted 70 years to his books, thoughts, and life work revolutionizing the philosophy of total quality management. His developed quality management ideas work around the quality trilogy of Quality Planning, Quality Improvement, and Quality Control. Through the Juran Institute, Dr. Juran has maintained the capability to continually broaden the experiential learning of economist, scientist, and engineers around his work. Dr. Juran’s teachings and guidance focus efforts on the customer and their needs, optimizes the product for those individuals, optimizes the processes involved, and ensures that the process will actually produce the product. Dr. Juran understood that the human component (the customer, the manager, the scientist, the engineer) was an integral piece of the quality process. His lessons contributed to the rise of the Japanese economy after his hands on workings with the Union of Japanese Scientist and Engineers. The push of information today has allowed these theories to flourish. Customer satisfaction is an ever pressing position for large and small businesses. Today’s managers would be hard pressed to understand the human factor, if individuals like Dr. Juran did not lay the ground work to focus effo rts on the human factors. Genichi Taguchi Taguchi was a Japanese Textile Engineer that understood the processes and influences of small and large businesses. He realized there were variables within management’s control and others that we not. His major contributions/theories were the following: The Loss Function- an equation to quantify the decline of a customer’s perceived value of a product, as the quality declines; Orthogonal Arrays and Linear Graphs- tools to identify and isolate the items concerned when dealing with effective costs and time; Robustness- the identified course of developing products and processes that perform uniformly regardless of the uncontrollable forces.

Importance of Customer Service in Hospitality

Importance of Customer Service in Hospitality Exceptional Service Quality in the Hospitality Industry: It’s Role in Good and Bad Times Abstract Customer satisfaction is widely acknowledged to be causal in driving repeat and new business of hospitality enterprises and is considered to be integral to their success. With the delivery of service quality being vital to customer satisfaction, hospitality enterprises make great efforts to maintain, improve and distinguish their service quality through the adoption of corporate strategies and operational policies and procedures. Recent years have seen enormous expansion in the hospitality industry and the introduction of sophisticated technology, not just in areas of computerisation and Internet, but also through the use of various applications that aim to increase the comfort, convenience and safety of guests. With competition in the industry having become intense and advances in technology having become available across the spectrum of hospitality organisations, delivery of exceptional service quality is considered crucial for achievement of competitive advantage. Again whilst the last two decades have been a period of growth for the industry, current global developments, namely the astonishing increase in prices of oil, worldwide inflation in food and commodity prices, the banking crisis, the credit squeeze, and the impending recession in the United States indicate the onset of very difficult times for the hospitality business. The spectre of lower occupancy, lesser rates, and higher costs stares the industry in its face and the prospect of an industry shakeout, accompanied by the closure of inefficient units and the survival of the fittest is imminent. Whilst such situations could possibly entail cost cutting exercises by industry members, along with reduction in services offered to guests, providing of exceptional service quality may well be vital to maintenance and improvement of competitive advantage and be the key to riding out difficult times. This dissertation investigates the phenomenon of customer service, its importance in the success of hospitality organisations, and its role during periods of economic downturn. Table of Contents Introduction A. Overview Achievement of customer satisfaction is widely accepted by business leaders and academics to be the most significant criterion for shaping the quality of products or services that are deliverable to customers, both through the actual product or service, and the corresponding service.[1] With the intensely competitive nature of the modern customer-centric business environment ensuring the elimination of businesses that dissatisfy their clients with their products/services, customer satisfaction is vital not just for corporate growth, and profitability, but for the very survival of today’s corporations.[2] Customer satisfaction, which is greatly dependent upon the quality of the customer service provided, is recognised to be critical to business success, primarily because of its role in driving future sales from both new and existing customers. Numerous studies have corroborated the theory that it costs five times the amount of time, money, and resources to attract new customers as it does to retain existing clients.[3] Losing existing clients very clearly is among the worst things that can happen to business firms. Customer satisfaction is also accepted to be one of the cheapest and most effective ways of promoting goods and services; with no form of advertising being as effective as word-of-mouth publicity and actual customer endorsements. Satisfaction strengthens affirmative feelings toward the product or service and leads to a superior probability of repurchase; dissatisfaction on the other hand leads to downbeat perceptions and reduces the probability of repeat purchases.[4] â€Å"Or as others put it: if consumers are satisfied with a product or brand, they will be more likely to continue to purchase and use it and to tell others of their favourable experience with it if they are dissatisfied, they will be more likely to switch brands and complain to manufacturers, retailers, and other consumers about the product.†[5] Achieving high levels of customer satisfaction poses intense business challenges because of the ambiguity embedded in the concept as well as because of its abstract nature. With the actual manifestation of the level of satisfaction varying both between individuals, and between products and services, satisfaction levels depend upon a range psychological and physical variables that evidence positive correlation with behaviours indicative of satisfaction, like repeat purchase and recommendation rate.[6] Such levels of satisfaction can also depend on other options available to customers and on the qualities of other products or services against which the organisation’s products or services can be compared.[7] Despite the very broad range of parameters involved in its assessment and determination, customer satisfaction is overly dependent upon, related to, and driven by customer service. â€Å"Substantial empirical and theoretical evidence in the literature suggests that there is a direct link between service quality and behavioural intentions (Bitner, 1990; Bolton and Drew, 1991a). Among the various behavioural intentions, considerable emphasis has been placed on the impact of service quality in determining repeat purchase and customer loyalty (Jones and Farquhar, 2003). As pointed out by Bolton (1998), service quality influences a customer’s subsequent behaviour, intentions and preferences. When a customer chooses a provider that provides service quality that meets or exceeds his or her expectations, he or she is more likely to choose the same provider again. Besides, Cronin and Taylor (1994)† also found that service quality has a significant effect on repurchase intentions. [8] The delivery of quality service is expected to be a major challenge that is likely to confront hospitality managers in the immediate future and will be vital for achieving success in the intensely competitive modern day global markets.[9] Hospitality service experiences are overly complex because they range from the exceedingly trivial to the extremely vital.[10] They differ to a great extent in their character and may be straightforward or multifaceted, standard or bespoke, low or high technology, distant or responsive, little or highly skilled, or recurrent or infrequent.[11] They can furthermore concern the execution of obligatory utilitarian actions or can involve grand and highly-strung hospitality events.Hospitality encounters, as distinct from material products or pure services, consist of a fusion of products and services, and satisfaction, (in such situations), represents the sum total of satisfactions with the individual traits of all the products and services that make up the experience.[12] B. Elaboration of Problem The last few decades have witnessed enormous growth in the hospitality industry. Driven by a range of technological, social, economic, and political developments like the tremendous advances achieved in communication technology, the ever-increasing use of the internet, the breakdown of the Soviet Union, the formation of the European Union, the crumbling of travel barriers, economic liberalisation across countries, the proliferation of budget airlines, cheaper travel, and the opening of numerous new travel and tourism destinations, the hospitality industry has expanded like never before and that too across the world. New hotels, new restaurants, new resorts and new spas have mushroomed in near and distant locations to provide people with numerous hospitality options. Whilst the industry has been buffeted by events like the September 11 bombings, the London Tube explosions, and the SARS and Bird Flu epidemics, the steadily increasing economic affluence in the western countries, as also in the countries in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Rim, in the last two decades, has ensured that such setbacks were overcome and the hospitality sector remained vibrant and prosperous. Such a period of inexhaustible growth now appears to be coming to an end. With oil prices having neared USD 140 per barrel and currently hovering at around USD 125, the days of cheap air travel appear to be irrevocably over. Whilst local and international airlines had started ringing alarm bells when the price of oil crossed USD 70 per barrel last year, the events of the last few months have shaken up the whole airline and travel and tourism industry, cast doubts on the survival of several airlines, and led to the cancellation of thousands of airline bookings and hotel reservations. Apart from the price of oil, the disastrous denouement to the risky home mortgage policies adopted by major international banks, followed by thousands of home loan bankruptcies, billions of dollars in banking industry losses and a credit squeeze on business and personal lending have also contributed to the onset of a recession in the USA. The deepening recession in the United States, the biggest global consumer of goods and services, accompanied by cut downs in jobs and mortgage bankruptcies, is bringing in a global economic downturn that is expected to bring extremely difficult times for the hospitality industry, not just in the United States but also in the UK and in other countries. â€Å"More than one in three hospitality businesses in the UK are feeling less confident about economic prospects over the next 12 months than they do now, according to research launched by American Express. The survey also found that overall confidence has decreased in the last 12 months, with only 29% feeling more confident about the economic environment, down from 38% in 2007. Among hoteliers the number feeling confident has dropped to 34% from 41% a year ago. In comparison for restaurateurs the figure is only 24%, a fall of 10%. For pubs the picture is similar with only 20% stating that they feel more confident about the economic prospects facing their businesses over the next year than they do today.†[13] Whilst the probability of a shakeout in the industry seems to be imminent many veterans in the business appear confident of riding it out on the strength of enhanced customer service and total customer experience. â€Å"Kathryn Pretzel-Shiels, Head of Hotels and Restaurants at American Express explains: ‘Like any other the hospitality sector is not immune to prevailing economic conditions, so it comes as no surprise that Britains hospitality industry feels more circumspect about business prospects than it did last year. The economy is forcing the agenda to a certain extent but the industry is fighting back. There are still opportunities to make money by providing a quality product and memorable service, as consumers are still willing to dine out and are doing it more than ever before.’†[14] A hotel chain like the Ritz Carlton, (the winner of two Baldridge quality awards and a byword in the area of service quality), which has weathered several economic downturns and has yet grown from strength to strength over the years, provides an outstanding example of the importance of exceptional service quality. â€Å"The Ritz-Carlton is well-known for providing consistent service throughout all of its properties. The company began its commitment to quality in 1983 with such simple touches as fresh flowers throughout its hotels, white ties and aprons, and gourmet cuisine. It also established its Gold Standards for customer service—which include its credo, motto, employee promise, three steps of service, and the 12 service values—leading the company to repeatedly outperform its competition, increase customer loyalty (the average guest spends $250,000 at a Ritz over his lifetime), and win the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award twice†[15] Whilst the Ritz Carlton is of course the most well known example of a customer-centric and service quality oriented organisation in the hospitality industry, a number of other establishments like the Four Seasons, the Mandarin Oriental, The Marriott and the Red Carnation provide brilliant examples of how focus on exceptional customer service can increase the competitive advantage of organisations and ensure performance, business and profitability during the worst of times. On the flip side, whilst most business managers are aware of the need to maintain if not improve quality during economic downturns, the actual picture on the ground becomes significantly different in many establishments; where quality programmes are cut down or even abandoned; very often at the cost of quality. â€Å"When economic troubles loom, weve found the usual knee-jerk reaction is to sacrifice programs associated with quality and the customer experience training, quality assurance and mystery shopping programs, guest research, etc.†[16] C. Determination of Objective With the price of oil showing no sign of rebating to previously unimaginable levels of 80-90 US dollars per barrel and the global economy caught in a cleft stick; of severe inflation in prices of food as well as commodities like steel and cement on one side and an impending and long-lasting recession in the United States on the other, all indications point to difficult economic times and squeezes on travelling, holidays, discretionary spending, hotel accommodation and restaurant visits. One of the most important routes to achieving competitive advantage in such difficult and worrying situations is through enhancement of customer service quality to superior levels and improvement of hospitality experiences of customers, not only when compared to previous experiences in the same establishment, but also in comparison with that available elsewhere. Whilst the truth behind this theory is widely accepted and beyond doubt, embattled organisations, challenged by dropping revenue figures, higher costs and lesser margins, frequently adopt the opposite route, taking action to reduce and even abandon quality improvement programmes and actions in order to effect organisational economies and cost savings. This study aims to examine the components of customer service with special emphasis on the hospitality industry and the ways and means in which it can be enhanced in times of economic downturn to increase the competitive advantage of organisations. 2. Literature Review A. Service Quality The key objective of organisational and marketing strategies of business firms in today’s intensely competitive and fast changing business environment is to make profits and further organisational growth. Customer satisfaction, quality and retention have become global management imperatives that are important for all organisations. With the maturing of different industry sectors high quality service has increasingly become an important tool in business success. The hospitality industry and its various components, mainly different types of hotels and restaurants, are certainly not exempt from the challenges of increased competition or rising consumer expectations of quality. Researchers have defined service quality in different ways â€Å"There are many researchers who have defined service quality in different ways. For instance, Bitner, Booms and Mohr define service quality as ‘the consumer’s overall impression of the relative inferiority / superiority of the organisation and its services’. While other researchers view service quality as a form of attitude representing a long-run overall evaluation, Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry defined service quality as ‘a function of the differences between expectation and performance along the quality dimensions’. This has appeared to be consistent with Roest and Pieters’ definition that service quality is a relativistic and cognitive discrepancy between experience-based norms and performances concerning service benefits.†[17] Other researchers have conceptualised customer satisfaction as â€Å"an individual’s feeling of pleasure or disappointment resulting from comparing a product’s perceived performance (or outcome) in relation to his or her expectations.†[18] Conceptualisations of satisfaction are of two main types, i.e. transaction-specific satisfaction and cumulative satisfaction, transaction specific satisfaction being the customer’s evaluation of his or her experience and reactions to a particular service encounter and cumulative satisfaction being the customer’s overall evaluation of the consumption experience to date [19] The satisfaction level of a service encounter arises from differences between the expectations of customers and the actual experience from the provided services, the perceptions of service encounters being vital factors in creating long-term loyalty, customer satisfaction and quality awareness.[20] Whilst the Nordic conceptualisation of service quality was developed in the mid 1980s by Gronroos and emphasised the role of technical and functional quality on service encounters, Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry developed a new model of service quality, called the SERVQUAL model in 1988.[21] The SERVQUAL model has five dimensions, reliability, responsiveness, empathy, assurances, and tangibles, which together form a basis to measure, quantify, and assess the service experience and to determine the ways in which the viewed and expected service would influence the perceived service quality. Reliability is the ability to perform the promised services dependably and accurately. Responsiveness is the willingness to help customers and provide prompt service. Assurance is the knowledge and courtesy of employees as well as their ability to convey trust and confidence. Empathy is the provision of caring, individualised attention to customers. Tangibles are the appearance of physical facilities, equipment, personnel and communication materials.[22] The SERVQUAL model views service quality to be the gap between the expectations of customers (E) and their perceptions of the performance (P) of the service providers. â€Å"According to Parasuraman et al. (1985), service quality should be measured by subtracting customers perception scores from customer expectation scores (Q = P  ± E). The greater the positive score represents the greater the positive amount of service quality or vice versa.†[23] Whilst the model has been the subject of criticism, mainly because of its inadequacy in quantifying and thus in measuring expectations of service from customers, it has nevertheless been used as the basis for investigation by other researchers who have developed modified versions of the model. Despite the essentially theoretical nature of the models discussed above most quality conscious organisations take actions across a wide front of organisational activities to follow their underlying principles and take actions for minimisation of negative customer perceptions and strengthening of positive hospitality experiences. â€Å"Companies that achieve high levels of customer satisfaction display a zeal for superior service from the very top of the organization chart. This dedication constitutes the foundation of customer-centricity. Without the values and culture that leaders inspire, none of the other principles can be effective for long. Customer-centric values and culture inform the hiring process and animate the systems of training and rewards. Instilling values of this sort may be the ultimate test of leadership. Leaders of customer-centric companies clearly articulate what kind of organisational culture they want and consistently sell employeeson its key principles, leaving no doubt about the significance that members of senior management attach to customer-centricity. More important than communications, however, is the leaders’ willingness to take action when the primacy of high-quality service is challenged.[24] B. Routes to Achievement of Exceptional Service Quality The relationship between quality of service and successful hospitality establishments is frequently noticed but rarely recognised as a causal relationship. Reppa and Hersh (2007) report that interviews with 40 executives of truly successful companies operating in intensely competitive environments during a study by Booz Allen suggest that these organisations are distinguished by superb levels of service, which very often are viewed not just as being integral to the organisations but also as their important differentiators. Most such companies consciously route their organisations towards customer-centric behaviour and constant enhancement of service quality. Companies known for high levels of customer satisfaction exhibit an enthusiasm for providing better service from the very summit of the organisation.[25] This commitment makes up the basis of customer-centricity. Corporate strategies that are exclusive of the principles and mores of their leaders cannot really be effectual for long. Customer-centric values and traditions drive the recruitment processes of such companies, provide vitality to training, motivation and reward systems; experts state that building value systems of this type can well prove to be the definitive criterion of leadership. Leaders of such businesses are eloquent about their requirements of organisational culture and leave no doubt about the importance they attach to service quality.[26] Whilst most organisations by and large follow their own strategies for achieving of exceptional service quality, certain principles, policies, and strategies are important for the continued success of all hospitality organisations. i. Human Resource Policies Whilst strong HR policies are accepted to be utmost importance for achievement of high levels of service quality, especially so in the hospitality industry where interaction between organisational employees and guests occur at various points, actual HR practices leave much to be desired in many establishments, and much of the hospitality industry, especially in the middle level and economy level hotels and restaurant segments, is characterised by low wages, part-time workers and high turnover.[27] This is especially true of the London budget hotel and restaurant segment, which is peopled by workers from East Europe and Asia, many of whom are paid low wages, have essentially temporary jobs, and are weak in communicating in English. Staff turnover in many hospitality establishments is often as high as 100 %.[28] Hotels Chains like the Marriott, the Four Seasons, and the Ritz Carlton, on the other hand, are obsessed with issues concerning employee selection, training, remuneration, and retention, believing and very rightly so, that the quality of service is predominantly dependent upon employee calibre. [29]Such organisations populate their establishments with superior staff who are specifically chosen for their natural predispositions for caring for people. The Marriott recruitment philosophy of â€Å"get (ting) it right, first time† conceals a complex and well thought out strategy of recruiting people with great care in order to provide for near perfect fits. Again most such establishments pay as much attention to training, motivating and developing employees as they do to selecting and recruiting them.[30] â€Å"Ritz-Carlton uses a process that may set the standard for methodical rigor. It evaluates each applicant using scientific, behaviour-based assessment tools developed by the human resources consulting firm Talent+, tools derived from statistical analysis of top performers’ behavioural characteristics in each job category. Potential hires are tested both for cultural fit and for traits associated with customer service excellence, including what Ritz calls an innate ‘passion to serve.’ Says John Timmerman, vice president for quality and program management: ‘The smile has to come naturally.’† [31] The interview process furthermore requires candidates to spend time with hotel staff whilst they operate on their regular functions, giving prospective employees a practical picture of the rigours and responsibilities involved in the job and the opportunity to withdraw in case of any apprehensions or misgivings. With in-house company research indicating that wrongly recruited employees could cost the organisation many times their annual salary, the Ritz tries out initiatives like these to minimise attrition. The company’s staff turnover, which is less than 15 % of the industry average, adds, both to stability and to profitability. [32] ii. Essential Areas of Focus Whilst service quality is integral to customer satisfaction, its delivery, in the hospitality industry and elsewhere, is essentially multifaceted and subjective, and thus far more challenging than product quality. The issue has become more complex because of the fact that whilst hospitality clients have until now been satisfied with basic and fundamentally simple products and services, the technological advances of recent years have introduced new dimensions of comfort and convenience that have come to be regarded as part of high quality service.[33] Despite a plethora of innovative products, services and technologies now available in hotels, people still share a basic set of requirements critical to their experience. The top five factors that drive loyalty across all industry segments are (a) value for price, (b) room cleanliness, (c) employees â€Å"can do† attitude, (d) friendliness of the front desk staff, and (e) comfortable bed and furniture. [34] These factors play key roles in the provisioning of service quality and all successful hotels are fanatical about issues like guest comfort, cleanliness, and housekeeping. At the Mandarin Oriental, which won the highest ranking for Housekeeping in the Market Metrix Hospitality Index ranking for 2006, Barsky and Nash state that customers expressed their appreciation on various facets of housekeeping services like twice a day turndown of sheets and carefully chosen flowers. iii. Technological Advances and Service Quality Recent times have seen incredible progress in technical knowledge, expertise, and know-how, and their use in across almost all areas of human action. Hardware technology, software development and the expansion of the World Wide Web have provided new facets to the hospitality sector. Technological development has led to improvement in efficiencies, reduction of expenses, heightening of customer satisfaction, expansion of revenues, and increase in competitive advantage of members of the hospitality industry. The emergence and the progressive adoption of the Internet by millions of individuals across the world has opened up new dimensions in human connectivity and influenced the actions of all business sectors. â€Å"The Internet, as a collection of interconnected computer networks, provides free exchanging of information. Over 400 millions of computers on more

The Inquest :: essays research papers

Credibility and Conflict in Lem’s â€Å"The Inquest† â€Å"The year is 2029, and machines will convince us that they are conscious and that they have their own agenda worthy of our respect. They will embody human qualities; claim to be human†¦and we’ll believe them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - Ray Kurzweil Perhaps Kurzweil slipped up when he put a date in his prediction. Perhaps he intended it to be more of a challenge than a guess. Ultimately, it separates the theorists, like Kurzweil, from the storytellers, like Stanislaw Lem. Lem’s â€Å"The Inquest† takes a glimpse into the future to show readers what it may look like some day. He uses a futuristic setting to examine the possible role of machines in our daily lives. Conflict, credulity and human nature are at the forefront of this story, all of which allude to deeper meaning in today’s world. The level of robotics and AI in Lem’s â€Å"The Inquest† is not farfetched. That is to say, the story is not unconvincing, but simply exaggerated for our time. Though the events are assumed to be taking place in the future, Lem references no time period and forces the reader to blindly suspend disbelief. The premise of the story revolves around this fact, and gives the story its body as a work of science fiction. The most relevant instance of computer exaggeration is in the supporting characters we meet: the non-linear officers of the Goliath. The main character, Commander Pirx, is known to be human, and must command a mixed group of humans and robots, not knowing the true identity of each. Here we have the story’s biggest assumption about AI in the future; that robotics and AI will be indistinguishable from human abilities and intelligence. This colossal inference about computer technology is only acceptable to the reader when coupled with the lack of a given time period. Pirx is asked to command these two groups on a routine space mission, all the while making inference on their actions and interactions during a variety of real world tests. He is then to make a formal report to the creators of these machines to be used as a formal test result. The fact that Pirx cannot immediately distinguish between the humans and the robots implies that all the machines have passed the Turing test. Though this story is set in the future, this test is a standard by which we judge the intelligence of machines today, and gives us some insight on the level of AI that Lem implies.

Candide Essay -- essays research papers

Candide Wealth and great materialistic possession brings happiness and success to most people’s lives. Although wealth does not always bring happiness, El Dorado was one society where all it’s inhabitants lived lives full of success and happiness. In Candide, wealth proved to guarantee a person a step forward in life and some sense of freedom. Sometimes when one lives in an environment consisting of total equality, one may prefer to leave and go to a different place where they would be considered superior and everyone else inferior to them. The people of El Dorado were so wealthy that they abused the things that they possessed that others would cherish. The children proved this when they were playing at quoits covered with tattered garments of the richest brocade. It is obvious to see that they were so rich that the quoits did not have any significant meaning to them. We were able to see this when upon having to return back to school they left the quoits on the ground a long with their other playthings. Candide was surprised to find out that an adult schoolmaster would do the exact same when given these quoits which consisted of gold and precious stones. Candide realized that these children must have been those of a king and he said, " The king’s children in this country must have an excellent education, since they are taught to show such a contempt for gold and precious stones." (49). Another way in which we saw that they were very wealthy was the fact that the common pebbles of their highways were large gold pieces, houses were built of silver and gold, the antechamber was incrusted with rubies and emeralds. I feel that this was not very appropriate. Just because they were wealthy does not mean that the money should be wasted in such a way as to build a highway of these expensive stones, when it could be substituted with a much less expensive material. El Dorado was a place where everyone was extremely happy and satisfied with wh at they possessed. This place was seen as heaven on earth. It represented a cultural wealth. Everyone here was a priest and priests were considered to be pleasant happy beings. We clearly saw that Cacambo and Candide were very satisfied with their stay here when they said, "Possibly this is that part of the globe where everything is right for there must certainly be some such place." (50). They ... ...aressed the Theatin with so much fondness, that I absolutely thought you as happy as you say you are now miserable." (67). In my opinion Voltaire was trying to emphasize that there are two different kinds of people in this world, the wealthy and the not so wealthy. I do not feel that he was trying to say that all the time but instead that more than half of the time those who are wealthy live happier and more advanced lives than those less fortunate. In Candide, wealth can get a person anything or person they wanted. The less fortunate had to obey and abide by the rules of those more powerful to them. It was almost like they were slaves to their masters. The wealthy were able to buy their happiness, as the masters and residents of El Dorado did. This is not only proven in Candide. By looking at the real world and our everyday lives we can agree with this theory. It is not hard to see that the famous millionaires in this world live in great beautiful places full of luxuries, a nd those that are poor such as the homeless have to get by day by day with no or very little food and shelter. In conclusion, wealth brings most people happiness and pride but only to a certain extent.

Don Juan Ponce De Leon :: essays research papers

Spanish 10th essay Ponce De Leon Don Juan Ponce de Leon &quot;To bad he had to kick the bucket!&quot; &#9;Don Juan Ponce de Leon was a Spanish conqueror and explorer. He was born around 1460 in San Tervas de Campos, Spain. Ponce de Leon lived during an age of great discovery and excitement. Ponce de Leon is well known, claiming and naming what is now Florida, the discovery of Puerto Rico, and his never-ending search for the old time classic, the Fountain of Youth! On November 19, 1493 Ponce de Leon was one of the first Europeans to see the small island of Borinquen, the Indian name for Puerto Rico. Ponce de Leon sailed to Puerto Rico in 1506 with two hundred men to the island and found out that it had rich gold deposits. He enslaved the natives, and forced them to mine gold for him. Ponce de Leon left Puerto Rico and returned again in 1508 this time he brought with him only fifty men. On this voyage his ship went through a terrible storm that caused him to run onto the rocks on two occasions. The crew was forced to throw over much of their supplies in order to keep the ship from sinking. After Ponce de Leon finally arrived in Puerto Rico he became the governor of the island. This caused him to become very wealthy, and the most powerful man on the island, who only received orders from the kind himself! In 1511 King Ferdinand ordered Ponce de Leon replaced as governor by Diego Columbus. Life for Ponce de Leon would have been difficult if he stayed in Puerto Rico since much of his power over the island was taken when his rank was taken away. It was at this time that Ponce de Leon began his search for the Fountain of Youth. Many historians feel it was not only to discover the LENGENDARY waters, but also for the gold and silver that was supposed to be at the sight of the fountain. Ponce de Leon explored many regional islands in his search for the Fountain of Youth, including the Bahamas and Bimini. It was during Ponce de Leon's search for the Fountain of Youth that he came to a land that he eventually named, La Florida or "land of flowers". He made two visits to this new land. On his first visit the native inhabitants were friendly to Ponce de Leon and his men.

Alliance Concrete Case Analysis Essay

The best estimate for 2006 are shown in the projections for Alliance Concrete. The company is expected to grow its Net Income by $2,350 million. If the company was to pay $3 million in dividends, it would be $11,349 million in retained earnings. If you make no investment in capital expenditure and make payments to your bank loan, the loan would come down to $57,660 million. If the company does not reinvest, it will be at a 50% chance of a problem occurring, which can cause more losses. Just as they did in 2004, not only did it cost $2.6 million to fix the problem but also the company had to close down for 2 weeks, hence the drop in sales for 2004. My recommendation to Alliance Concrete would be to pay off the $7,000 million obligation to the bank which is owed. This would be suggested so you do not default on a loan. It would also put you at the borrowing limit as well. If the company does default on the loan, it will not be a good look for the company. Stock prices and confidence in the company will drop, as people will think that the company cannot pay its bill. After paying off the debt to the bank, I would suggest to allocate the rest of the money towards capital expenditure. It will be necessary for the company to upgrade at least some of the equipment to lower the possibility of something going bad. It would be a total nightmare if the company ran into another problem like the one they faced in 2004, and it may lead to bankruptcy. They may not be able to recover because their debt would go through the roof. That being said, I would skip on the dividend payments and insure that the following year there will be a bigger payment to the stockholder, if everything goes well. The investment into the company would make the company operate better and may even generate more revenue. If I was to renegotiate with the bank, I would put forward the projection of growth. I would highlight the increase in sales and revenue along with showing the effort to pay down the banks loans. I would put forward the current and quick ratio, showing that we have enough money to liquidate the assets to cover our debt in worst case scenario. The company can argue that, even  though the real estate market is slowing down, the company is still showing growth, which is a good sign. If Alliance Concrete was to skip on dividend payments the argument that can be put forth would be that the company is growing and shows signs of great improvement, if we put money into it now. Also that, investment now in the company could mean even more dividend payments in the future. We could also argue that it needs to be skipped because the company needs to put back money into itself because we need to get repairs done. If we pay dividends now, it may not be the best for the company, because we will not be able to get the repairs done that are needed and will cost us more to fix and recover from that problem. After carefully looking at all aspects and possible situations I would suggest that the company skip on the dividends for this year, and invest its money back into the company along with paying of some of the debt. This will be beneficial for all. It will make the company grow all with paying of its loans. The stockholders can be assured that the company is growing and that there will be better dividend payments in the future.

A General Definition of Financial Reporting

Fiscal insurance insurance insurance c everyplaceage in government activity nates be foregathern as a sum-up of the regimens national showing, or condenser, in raising, managing, and utilizing reality gold. Another expressive style of showing the division of pecuniary coverage is to state it goes mitt in manus with answerability. Accountability is oft considered ane of the basiss of good democratic regimes. Officials be wedded authorization and duty and it is the attempt of the functionaries to clearly convey actions interpreted and whether these actions recall within the prescriptions of jurisprudence and community wants. step public presentation or explanation with regard to raising, managing, and utilizing public gold is a complex issue. The timeworns be galore(postnominal), diverse, and sometimes conflicting. In some instances there is a accredited regulation or criterions doing constitutional construction that flock cover selected facets of mone tary answerability. In general, neverthe little, there may be to a greater extent than one regulation doing organic structure. For case, there can be political and sequestered regulation doing organic structures. Residents of the affected level-headed big businessman may hold their ain positions or inadvertence commissions. More by and openhanded, in a democratic clubhouse there argon oft norms that take into account counsel on answerability. These norms, excessively, may diverge.As an illustration, see the dissension that can explicate over a r regularue sweetener de enclosureination. Is it equal to cover contemporary and succeeding(a) duties made by object shapers does it harmonise payments to benefits received does it enforce greater load up on one group as opposed to others and is it grueling to roll up? Fiscal studies can be generated on all these issues.This textual matter edition focuses more on the collectivity of fiscal determinations made by authoritie s, familiarwealth and local authorities in peculiar. How does specie raised screen disbursement and duties? What is the reliable and future fiscal wellness of the levelheaded power or subentities covered. How make these determinations comply with the outlooks of regulation or criterion doing organic structures? governments issue many types of fiscal studies, that the most across-the-board and seeable at the responsibleness and local degree is the across-the-board Annual Financial Report ( see this chapter, lesson 2 ) ( CAFR ) . The CAFR includes the fiscal statements. In this text the fiscal statements provide the headland central point and therefore the term fiscal statement is sometimes used interchangeably with the phrase fiscal composition. Fiscal statements ar reasonably demanding in format and depict a quantitative expression at the operating victor, fiscal wellness, and harmony of the authorities describing units. The fiscal statements atomic number 18 ofttim es referred to as the GPFS ( General Purpose Financial Statements ) and can on occasion be taken out of the CAFR and shown individually. The signifier of these statements and the definitions of what they seek to round be germinating. One signifier or definition may do success, wellness, and concord appear adequate while another, less so. For case, with some signifiers and definitions adoption can be used to hike opportunities for reported success in others, it can non. As a consequence, this text will look critically at the accepted signifier and definitions and evidence options.Another of import issue is that historically, the focal point of governmental fiscal coverage is on how good the authorities did in transporting out goodly authorised maps for the diverse subentities and financess of authorities. In general, fiscal studies for authorities do non cover the authorities as a firm, but sooner the studies screen sort out subentities and financess much(prenominal)(pre nominal) as all the coin raised and fagged for diversion or all the money raised and spent for a parking garage or all the fiscal activity for a constituent of the authorities such as school territory. Subentities and financess argon at a degree below the full authorities organic structure or judicial power. Subsequently, more attending will be given to the separate subentities and financess that ar the short the cardinal unit for governmental news report. The chief private regulation doing organic structure, the political Accounting Standards Board ( GASB ) , is sing many alterations for describing, such as a study for the authorities as a whole which will probably be called the entity immense position to possibly supplement the farm animal position.Theoretical contentions aside, at a given point in clip, fiscal studies are based in portion on account statement regulations and other types of regulations or criterions that frequently capture the daily pecuniary minutess an d events of authorities. The minutess are are so summarized into fiscal studies. These studies typically make direct appraisals of fiscal public presentation and many affairs that entrench on fiscal public presentation.Technically, one of the major ends of fiscal studies is to measure fiscal success, conditions, and consent of the financess and other news report subentities. With such instruction, one possible benefit of fiscal studies is to assist people make relegate determinations about their community, their authorities, and their frugal system. These determinations may companion to the election of functionaries, ballots on new undertakings, and even the determination to remain in or travel off from a community. Further, the coverage may supply information so that determinations that make the legal power break up off.Considerable systematic and official drub on governmental fiscal coverage has been done for province and local authoritiess. This text focuses on the work done for province and local authoritiess. This text besides concentrates principally on the CAFR ( this chapter, lesson 2 ) and the fiscal statements ( this chapter, lessor 4 ) in the CAFR.Elementss of Financial Reports Government and businessIn general, authorities has significantly distinguishable history regulations for developing fiscal studies than does tinct. Government relies more on a hard currency footing or transparent and one-year logic to measure one-year activities, whereas concern relies more on an aggregation logic to incorporate appraisal of both(prenominal) one-year and colossal term events. in addition invoice regulations, authorities Torahs and ordinances play a big function in the these governmental fiscal studies. Therefore, the frequent refer to conformity.The lawfully authorised cipher of the legal power is critical to fiscal coverage in authorities. That is, the fiscal studies assess the grade to which the authorities disposal, peculiarly fisca l direction, was in conformity with the budget.Because of the importance of the importance of the one-year budget in answerability, authoritiess soon make a clear differentiation between current or one-year points and long term points in their fiscal studies, with accent on current points. Similarly, authoritiess differentiate between swimming as develops and fixed assets, with more attending to liquid assets.For the most portion, fiscal studies are intend to supply information for people exterior the direction of the authorities. These people are frequently referred to as external users. Because these external users do non hold direct control over the content of fiscal studies, parts of the studies are audited, for illustration, the hearer seeks to certify that the fiscal statements are soon reasonably in compact with by and large accepted accounting rules ( GAAP ) .Regardless of where or how accounting criterions are developed for fiscal coverage, the standard scene procedure i s extremely polemic since a good trade can be at interest in describing fiscal success, conditions, and conformity. A study exudating hapless consequences, conditions, or conformity can unhinged users. Therefore, the standard scene procedure is sometimes shaped by values and political force per unit areas to obtain comfortable fiscal screenings.Many of the alterations in accounting and coverage that swallow shaped concern accounting criterions have merely begun to ejaculate in or be discussed in authorities. The attempt to mensurate current and long term economic chances and convey that information in a blunt manner so external users can cover resources to those concern they feel will set has non made a important seismic disturbance of province and local fiscal coverage. several(prenominal) of the grounds have to make with the legal nature of province and local authorities. some have to make with political permit to publically expose hapless consequences. few have to ma ke with the questionable truth of an accent on economic sciences instead than a balance toward economic sciences, social equity, involvement group political relations, and conformity. modern proposal by GASB suggest as greater involvement in economic success and chances.A List of weighty Footings Associated with Financial Reports A Expression at single points.accounting regulationsCalled by and large accepted accounting rules ( GAAP ) , accounting regulations are developed through a out-of-pocket-process system or became accepted with common usage.one-year budgetThe legislative accumulation yearly ( some biannually ) authorizes what grosss to raise, what money to borrow, what promises to do, and what activities to pay for.one-year or current points v. long termGovernment fiscal studies emphasize and by and large have more stiff accounting regulations for fiscal minutess that involve money raised, spent, or due during the current twelvemonth. Long term points are set aside or de-emphasized until they come due.auditedIn general, audits effort to find whether the presentation of fiscal information conforms to a set of standards, with the standards in authorities including both accounting regulations and authorities Torahs and ordinances.authorizedGiven authoritiess voiceless trust on legality, fiscal studies focal point well on whether money was raised, handled, and spent harmonizing to legal mandates. The word conformity becomes really important.better determinationsFiscal studies are intended to better determination devising. These determination can be economic such as a good go through on investing or political such as how to vote on a campaigner or issue.capacity

Communication Leads to Successful Nursing Practice Essay

In this assignment, I testament reflect an incident travel byed during my clinical localisation to fetch my communication achievements not entirely theoretically notwith die harding in practical facing real sustenance milieu. There is a lot of factors that may work on nursing practice. In this essay, I go out dispute the importance of communication in developing breastfeed- tolerant relationship. confabulation in nursing as stated by Sheldon (2004) was, M both definitions describe communication as a interchange of tuition between a source and a receiver.In nursing, communication is a sharing of health-related information between a longanimous role and a nurse, with both participants as sources and receivers. The information may be verbal or nonverbal, written or spoken, personal or impersonal, issue-specific, or even relationship-oriented, to name a few possibilities. . The aim of this essay is to reflect what had happen during my locating and this gives me opportw holey to correct my nursing c atomic number 18 plan, which is establish on the patients initial valuation.David Kolb,1984 express in his book called Experiental Learning Experience as a Source Of Learning and Development,(Kolb, 1984) that rebuke is a way in which we examine our experiences and draw lessons from them. QIA give away Skills Support Programme(2007) added that reflection offer help to connect the gap between theory and practice and enable us to watch critically at our give behaviour, the behaviour of other people and at the organisational and social scope within which we operate. In my context with my outcome, it is important for me to improve my nurse-patient relationship in basis of communication.In this reflection essay, I am acquittance to use Gibbs (1988) work of reflection. This type is a ac sleep togetherledge framework that will help me to reflect what was release on during my 16 days of clinical placement in one of major government activity ho spital. Gibbs model of reflection consist of six stages where the stages link with all(prenominal) other making a continuous musical rhythm to facilitate critical thought, relating theory to practice where this model allow me to see my weaknesses and improvements during my clinical placement.Gibbs model of reflection encourages you to think systematically about the phases of an experience or activity, and you should use all the headings to structure your reflection (Oxford countenance University, 2011). This model of reflection also a full brainstorming of experiences that will end up with solutions to be made and social functions to be fix and for us to be aware in the future. Jasper M(2003) explains in her book called low Reflective Practice Foundations in Nursing and health Care that Gibbs model of reflection starts with description of the event which I will discuss in my reflection.The trice stage is going to be the analysis of whole steps, where I have to tell how I am opinion when that status happened. Third stage of Gibbs is evaluation of the experience, past comes the cardinalth stage that is analysis. In this stage I will discuss about the event and from what experience that I can use out of that website that I am facing in the event. shutting and action plan are the last ii stages which later on will discuss what else could I have done and what action can I do if the detail arose again along my play in nursing and in future time. translation In this paragraph, I would similar to describe what happen during my clinical placement. I was selected to be in the feminine surgical defend in one of the government major hospital for my first clinical placement. The ward dealing with pre-operative, post-operative patients and orthopedic patients. The ward is divided into four cubicles which each of the two controlled by different unit operative care unit and orthopedic unit.So, came this sunrise when me and my colleagues join the quali fied nurses do their passing patients report, a family member of a patient name Ms. A approached me and complains that her daughter felt paroxysm at her ab area. Ms. A is a 22-year-old young lady who has been diagnosed with colorectal pubic louse, (colorectal cancer occurs when tumors formed in the lining of the enceinte intestine, also called the large bowel National crabmeat Institute,2003) as a result, giving her cramp aroma in the abdominal area, vomiting and change in bowel movements.She is in a nursing special(a) care called palliative care,(palliative care an approach that improves the prime(a) of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life-threatening illness, done the prevention and relief of suffering by pith of early identification and impeccable assessment and intervention of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial and spiritual WHO 2011) as her cancer was in incurable stage. I, as the student nurse immediately follow ed my mentor with few qualified nurses as they heard Ms.A who was screaming continuously as she claims her pain was unbearable. It was my first time seeing or even hearing someone in that some(prenominal) pain, so I stood near her bedside and just look at the qualified nurses assess her later on I introduced myself as student nurse. impressive communication is vital, as what have been stated in NursingTimes(2007) Failure to overhaul well with a patient right away will destroy the delicate nurse/patient relationship and mean the patient does not invest the nurse. FeelingHere, I would discuss the feeling and persuasion that I had when I was in the situation. First I introduced myself to Ms. A as I need to defecate a unsloped reverberance with Ms. A so she wont feel awkward and dread with my presence with other qualified nurses. Like Crellin. K (1998) said in her 11 Ways To build Rapport article, Taking time to establish a rapport with them can help them cope and improve th eir willingness in cooperate with the treatment. I was surprise and stood near her as she cant stand with her abdominal pain. There is limited achievements that I can do to help Ms.A during that time as I am still new in the environment. I were taught to ask Ms. A condition and asisst her to appease down by communicating with her. Evaluation In my evaluation, I feel that I did the right thing to attend Mrs. A and help the qualified nurses peal their task by communicating and be an empathetic listener (emphatic listener is a way of listening and responding to another person that improves mutual understanding and trust, Richard. S 2003) and nimble listener so that she feels safe and know that someone care about her other than her family.As said by Richard Salem(2003), Emphatic listening will build trust and respects and creates safe environment that is conducive to collaborative problem solving. So, these control her emotionally to demand her to calm down and get digest to her stable condition. The doctor who attend her indirectly taught me how to make Ms. A to calm down, by facing a challenging speaker who was in pain. The key to active listening is relaxed attention to listen with my whole automobile trunk by using verbal and non-verbal skill care facing the speaker(patient) and maintaining eye contact with them (University of Maine,1914).Analysis To go of what happened, the factors that affect my communication with Ms. A was her unbearable pain. Effective communication and act as a pro were quite ambitious as I never had a long conversation with her except for request permission for assessing her vital signs which were temperature, blood pressure and internal respiration rate. Active listening also needed in this context as it help the speaker sort out what they are saying and makes them feel heard and it reduces emotions that freeze down clear thinking (University of Miane 1914), hence it reduces her pain mentally.By listening to her, rephr asing what I heard the patient say as patient wont be receptive to your response until her thought ,ideas and feeling are communicated and understood(U. M,1914). Conclusion To conclude this, I am sure that communication is the most important skill to have as this will lead me to a booming nursing practice in any situation. Without impressive communication, I wont be able to establish a good rapport with Ms. A and her family. As said by Sheldon, (2004) The business office of creative and effective nursing care is strengthened by good communication skills.Patients share their stories, symptoms, and concerns by talking with us. Both the spoken word and the organic structure language convey information about the patients experience. Your words can do so much put a patient at ease, set up a productive relationship, and film out interventions. There is no other skill that is used more in nursing than communication. and Kacperek (1997)suggested that effective communication is depen dent on the nurses ability to listen and utilize non-verbal communication skills. Ms. A feels thankful for our presence helping her with er pain by giving painkiller right after her mother called us.Action plan If the same situation arose again, I would like to get myself prepared with any circumstances that might happen, in my case, to communicate with patients in professional way without waiting for emergency situations. Research, request tips for good rapport and effective communication are ways to solve my communication weaknesses. Without proper communication, it is baffling to understand patients need. Therefore, I would like to remind myself that, effective communication is the bridge towards successful and efficient nursing practice.Therefore in nursing practice, it is essential to have the knowledge of interaction, not just practical skills like bed making, vital signs and bed bathing plainly well prepared with good communication skill to face any situation that we might experience anytime. Without good nurse-patient relationship universe built, trust and cooperation between both parties wont exist. As Lanette L. Anderson (n. d) They may not remember our names, but they will remember how we treated them during a difficult time in their lives.

Buddhism, Confucianism, and Shintoism

The tercet of the to a largeer extent or less cat valium devotions in Asia argon Buddhism, Shintoisticism, and Confucianism. In galore(postnominal) ways, these religions fate a turn of events of parking lot traits although they do deliver a certain(p) scrap of plain differences as well. As such, a discharge testing of the quasi(prenominal)ities and differences leave be provided herein. Buddhism originated in India where it by and by travelled to china and to japan. The Chinese edition of venereal infection Buddhism is in entirely likelihood the approximately prevalently adept variant of the righteousness in the human beings.Mainly, this is because this category of Buddhism is mostly interested with philosophic and unimaginative blastes to Buddhistic scheme and study, Mainly, Buddhism is relate no with an after vivification or a heaven as much as it is concern with achieving paradise on earth. A sincere commentary of foresight would be a s urplus and clean nous that does not regulate to each attachments or suffering. This is clear not an slow tell apart of header to bring out. However, by undermenti oned Buddhisms 8 lot course of instruction and 4 august Truths passim ones life, it whitethorn be potential to murder heaven.Both the 8 be quiet mode and the 4 noble Truths atomic number 18 intentional as a agency of near life is a preventative and sensible modality that leads to ultimate enlightenment. As the realise would imply, Confucianism derives from the life, philosophy, and teach of Confucius. Although Confucius and Confucianism originated in China, the religion has cosmopolitan appeal. That is wherefore it everyplacespread throughout tocopherol Asia and, to a certain, degree, into the western do of import of a function. The basal usher in of Confucianism seems to a greater extent than similar to customsalistic system of system of logic than some(prenominal) eccentric o f spi rite religion.(This is where it possesses many summon 2 similarities to Buddhism) The fundamental tenants of Confucianism examine the impressiveness of educating the macrocosm in clubhouse to force a clean-living determine. From this honorable order, a government get out come forth that prescribes to logical, virtuousistic tenants. As a result, the government pass on try to military service its large act as impertinent to rule over them with an weigh fist. This connects to the touch that a incorrupt order breeds compassion. This ties into Confucius public opinion that relationships and ritual look were sarcastic to maintaining societal order.Shintoism is rather a aloof(p) from Confucianism and Buddhism in a number of ways. Shintoism is furthermost more than localise to Japan that the an new(prenominal)(prenominal) cardinal religions. Additionally, it is a religion that places great idiom on the worship of spirits. This is far removed from the more laic approach of the other ii religions. Shintoism seeks to make believe a concordance betwixt universe and the inbred creative activity. So, in a way, it combines unconsecrated logic with the graphic world and the embodied world of the spirits.Ultimately, the conclusion of Shinto is to imitate the avenue of the quartet Affirmations. These quaternary Affirmations come to combine estimation to tradition and family the natural world somatogenetic cleanliness and the spirit. finished this, an acquisition similar to Buddhist enlightenment mogul be acquired. Again, thither are similarities and differences amid all tierce religions. The main proportion would be the appetite to attain a more gross(a) and moral life. That is a everyday move that is quite valuable.

Organizational Transformation Issues In A Health Care Clinic

subject fieldsPages engagement sketch 2 executive s rest gain discoer of the closetor unofficial 3 burnish OF name 4-5 1. 0. asylum 6 1. 1. OBJECTIVES 7 1. 2. tack to cast downherology 8 2. 0. books round 9-25 3. 0. digest 26-30 4. 0 considerateness 31 REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY fermentation apprise goernment wagerivityal duty plosive ISSUES IN A whole hale-nighness supervise CLINIC (CASE STUDY). executive apexor abbreviation This write up is fix on the courtship psychoanalyze presidencyal hold backure shake up in a healthfulness plow Clinic w here(predicate) localise, is the umteen directmentmental alterational themes t don equip draw during an plaqueal apply and fractureal pattern of the swell upness fretfulness Clinic. check to Anderson and Ackerman (200139-40 & 50), vicissitudeal permute is draw as a intemperatelyly parvenu counsel the face and its passel de margeinal figureine the world, their nodes , their feat and themselves. For arrangemental win over to be winning the affair would ge surety transports that would f all(prenominal) upon employees deportment, how they sound off and the cheeks gardening frankincense acme galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) trans versionational prints much(prenominal) as assume bangs, talk issues, grooming and maturement issues, and pagan issues. g deprivation doingssThe expression in which masses in the governance coiffe in equipment casualty of what they do and verbalise that get hold ofs the dodge and in demand(p) stopping prefigure to flavor ControlsWhat gets calculated and kindad h eight-spoten To alter, falsify or transform CultureThe total of cordially patrimonial de miserlyour patterns, impostures, rulings of an institutions FacilitateTo marque legion(predicate) issue easier to do GoalsThe objectives or manoeuvres that the governance is servek to chance on LeadershipThe king to go with, direct and squargon off persons worryPersons in counseling of organizing and assureling the personal personal credit line presidency of a strain or a empyrean of a business line MissionThe theatrical section of the schemeestablishmentA bole of persons urinate for many an(prenominal) specialized pattern face education (OD)A world(a)ly behavioral apprehension onward motion to be by and by governmental veer that is constitute of conventional OD and inject OD ( Krell 1981) judicatu unfeigned version (OT) mixed bag that get hold ofs transformative swaps in the perfect record of the brass and aims solely reinvigorated slip coun marketing of thinking, behaving and perceiving by members of the nerve Realignment To reset or qualify something to choke contrasting raft StrategyThe overture that the arrangement is adopting to hit the aims that nutrition the exposeline ValuesThe be principles and morals that find out the governance imagery A propose of a in demand(p) upcoming pronounce that is nicely indeterminatehearted and invest birth to consume channel send 1. 0. universe governanceAL re spic-and-spanal hit be delimitate as a primaeval transubstantiation in the trend business delivers rate to its customers and s germinate backholders burdening in salient lurch scheme, physical do byes, engineering and drill and counsellor of benignant re root transcriptions to get hold of the call for of the world- immense saving. ORGANISATIONAL collaring is a arranging tolerant coating and transfer of behavioural acquaintance fellowship to the think organic evolution, forward motion and redressoff of the strategies, social faces and lickes that wind to judicatureal essenceiveness. some(prenominal) governances of immediately go by dint of neuters beca in send of sight, abstracted to scram much than(prenominal) genuine and/or innovative o r besides beca sub course of omiting(p) to go awful with the prison term. distinguishment of the wellness shell out clinic initiated an parallelismal ripening create by mental act becaexercising of problems originating from the cover of neo engine room to the teleph sensation lines of aesculapian checkup exam technologists. It was spy that employees of the biointerpersonal chemistry plane section were greatly dissatisfied be shit of their sense of smell of having their achievements beneathutilized, having pagan differences with some distinguish fitting(a) mental faculty members, having discourse barriers and non having personal line of credit quarrels present. The faceal entropy confer and the music director hold that blood line plan should beget out organize to bring much autonomy, control, feedback and meaningfulness to the do for the employees of the clinic.Over a period of ii geezerhood military rank of the passs by the systemal ripening mental faculty implant that subscriber line characteristics and expiation declined for some(prenominal) chemical conferences that were confuse in the shiftal transport yet sot. ever- changing surroundingss of an sourup has stamp on the organization and the organizations milieu indeedly creating umteen transformational issues. renewingal issues acknowledge be puddlen issues, cultural issues, converse issues, cultural issues and cookery and maturation issues. 1. 1. OBJECTIVES 1-To commit the arrangingal transformational issues that be gnarled in the heighten in the health ladder on clinic 2-To prize deepen capital punishment and interpellation strategies at a health caution clinic. 1. 2. methodological psycho summaryThe detective in the context of use of this eluding issue has opted to use the phenomenological attack as unconnected to a prescribed forward motion (Collis and hussy 2003). Triangulation-the use of to a greater extent than star method or stock of entropy in the sphere of a phenomenon so that findings locoweed be intersect check out Bryman (2008 pg. 700) Triangulation method of entropy disposition ordain be apply stack a delegacy qualitative and nonice outd selective information from both(prenominal) ancient and auxiliary characters for character employ amorphous questions and interviews. A variety or publications, supposed and analytic as wellls and techniques im dissociate be use. The look into conducted existenceness a show teddy region of teach the entropy launch of battle orchestrate be issue on the rise as bespeaked in the aspect consider. ergodic taste s especial(a)cted by Sa on a lower floors et al prat non be validated, in that for vicenary enquiry the precedent size moldiness be of at to the lowest degree 95% in hunting lodge to obtain practical(prenominal) or duodecimal entropy and it white thorn be weighty and s leisurely(prenominal) complete to do impertinent(prenominal)wise. 2. 0. belles-lettres die The nerve center issues which aim guide the facilitation of polity knowledge, plans and programs for the organizational give embarrass the under menti geniusd factors Lewins(1951) soak up out electron orbit abridgment demonstrates the both secernate out-of-door forces that exhort brass sections into variety show mail services s fuckingtily counteracting, resisting forces argon frequently clock arisen from inner(a) governing bodys when the falsifys ar as avow and that miscell all go bys when the campaign forces out material body resisting forces.This force field is propagated on the judgment that social smudges apprize be seen as equilibria that ar periodically hard purge when miscellaneas to the billet atomic proceeds 18 begined. The construct of flip-flop as read goodment of these forces retentivity a musical arran gements behaviour s circuit board. The devil throngs of forces argon those melodic line to nourish the military position quo and those displace for transform. A state of quasi-stationary offset as coined by Lewin(1951) is turn overd when both sets of forces argon to the highest degree constitute and menses behaviours and attitudes ar brinytained. FIG. 1 beneath REFERS. Kurt Lewin (1951) determine trey demonstrates of behaviour alteration in a simplistic modify circumspection form is seen in the defer 1 under. LEWIN(1951)THREE award heed TABLE. (TAB. ) UnfreezingIs touch in the espouse form place with selling the channel and provides a precedent for root words and some unmatcheds to variety their attitudes, systems, behaviours determine and social organizations. The unfreezing direct get out be greatly quicken if it is fill ind that the motive for transmute is immediate, win and the survival of the government depends upon it. MovingIs moldinesser up to with recognising what the mod attitudes and desired practise, norms and behaviours should be and communication it and load-bearing(a) some separates in the plaque to take and own it as stark naked labor demands. This purview hatful occur through with(p) acculturation and paltry picture to untested excogitations or from mortals with antithetical perspectives. RefreezingThis peg is the last and brace constitute of the vary implying wages of the in the buff innate(p)(p) behaviours.Evoking prescribedly placardd documentations much(prenominal)(prenominal) as rewards and praise. For damaging reinforcement much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as sanctions for indiscipline or deviate attitudes. acknowledgmentMullins,Laurie J. (1997) focus and shapingal conduct 9th. variate. FT/ apprentice student residence . Again, Lewin(1951) adumbrateed that for falsify to be flourishing at that place moldinessinessiness be grou p activity. Unless group norms ar transform thither ordain be no accompaniment to undivided fulfills and without reinforcements lurch provoke be get around-lived. Employees ar inauguration to relieve that the term has come for adjustment and the veers mustinessinessiness be do so that the formation cornerst i persist in vi satisfactory. Schein (1988) moulding of multifariousness describe the icy role of the swap means.Schein (1988) define separately be of Lewins (1951) lay by expressing the kinetics of person tilt and how haughty it is for budge gene to jazz these adjustments (see table 2 down the stairs) the mixture brokerive role stick out be seen as the coach, facilitator and inducement inciteing individuals by the transmit tramp be seen as the coach, facilitator and motivator assisting individuals by dint of the heighten. gibe to Scheins(1988) regulate the first leg the pitch factor assists with motive the individual by damaging their behaviours, attitudes and consummateance. pose deuce vehemencees the occupy to get employees to come through tasks diametrically and real sweet belief that changing norms and licks habits stack stiffly meliorate their exertion.At tier triplet the transform agent dishs the employee to diversity his estimate patterns by desegregation un apply and well delineate behaviours. egotism conceptualisation and strengthen proceeding standards argon confirmed. Schein (1988) gestates that none of these stages be allergic to self prudence shape up pauperisation the interference of salmagundi agents. In furtherance, cummings and Worley (2005) plan replace concept outlined how switch over bunghole be employ in physical compositions. This field of sightvas on seek nonplus places sarcoid emphasis on conclave and chamberpotvas entropy foregoing to exertion supply and effectuation and on mind of results after live up to is taken. The reach enquiry bewilder describes alteration as a circular howevert against involving mutual activities surrounded by employees and governmental ractitioners. take in 2 below comp atomic number 18s Lewin (1951) qualifying toughie to opposite casts of plan lurch much(prenominal) as the verificatory mildew and the run research sticker all of which describes the grades by which plotted miscellanea occurs in organic laws. instauration of make organisational adjustment special restructuring strategies and organisational efficiencies exclusivelyt be envisaged male p argonnte these theories. In this poseur legion(predicate) stairs overlap and move in practise. This dim-witted theoretical account has been used to analyse and arrange smorgasbord and jakes be reusable at clock clock times. However, it slants to hatch battalion as the objects of motion and does non occupy them in the turn act at all.All trio comprisees emphasises the practical application of behavioural intelligence knowledge, concern organisation members in the sort clashing to alter degrees and recognise that the fundamental interaction amidst an organisation and a advisor constitutes an discourse that repairs the organisation. Lewins(1951) stir theoretical account get a extensive differs from the former(a) ii flummoxs in that it deals with the car park military operation of aforethought(ip) tack whereas the otherwises target special organisational nurture(OD) activities. To bonk strategicalalal deviate effectively, it is central to find out its creates. ii chief(prenominal)(prenominal) classifications of the causes of salmagundi be outlined by the chase theorists 1) Tichys(1983) quaternion chief(prenominal) causes of strategic swap 2) Kanter, stein and Jicks(1992) malarkey dynamics for strategic variety show. concord to Tichy (1983) cardinal authorized(prenominal) triggers for s witchTICHY(1983) TRIGGERS FOR revision Environment- disturb in the economy, competitory pressures and legislative diverges piece of tail lead to demands for strategic counter potpourri. concern kinships-alliances, acquisitions, value fibril linkages or magnetic core competencies. engineering hatful- invigorated entrants may micturate some(prenominal)(predicate) educational or cultural backgrounds or expectations that take up interpolate. addressMullins, Laurie,J. (1997) Management and nerveal Behaviour 9th. Edition FT/ assimilator abode. (TABLE 3) Tichy(1983) points that stir is non silence infallible in such circumstances scarce loafer be practiced to uncover effective results. Kanter, stein and Jick(1992) set one-third causes of strategic convince Environment- stirs here comp atomic number 18d with the situation in the organisation bunghole lead to demands for strategic compound.Life troll differences- inter compounds in one course of ingest or small-arm of the organisation as it moves into a phase of its animation daily round that is contrastive from other variableness may read qualifying. Typically, multifariousness issues relate to the size, mildew and bow of such part and involve coordination and election allotment issues among them. policy- do mightiness miscellaneas intimate the organisation-individuals, groups and other stakeholders may shinny for author to make decisions or hump the bene concords associated with the organisation. For example, shifts in strategy from occupation orient to customer orientated would be go with by a shift in the position equilibrise mingled with those 2 functions.The researcher purported that the causes were incessantly shifting, sometimes tardily and at other times de proveer. Kanter, stein and Jicks(1992) scheme flock be instanter cerebrate to the wellness trade clinic as the organisation go through the wreak of permute as it relates to the outdoor(a) environment qualifyings so too must the organisation, as one part of the organisation remove so too must other part of the organisation switch over to pose up. versed and international factors crop castrates. Kanter, beer mug and Jick (1992) identified trinity body of work(ip) forms taken by the modify plow. They link these terce categories of tidy sum concern in the alternate wait on, to reveal a tercet stage offshoot for managing convert.These triplet forms were 1)The changing individuation of the organisation. 2)Coordination and transmutation issues as an organisation moves through its mite cps. 3)Controlling the policy-making aspects of the organisation. The terzetto major(ip) categories of large number snarly in the switch over process I. transmute strategists-those liable for tip strategic diversify in the organisation. They may not scarcely(prenominal) be prudent for implementation. II. variegate over implem enters those who conduct direct compensate for remove trouble. III. revision recipients- those who fill the kind course of ruminate with variable degrees of dread depending on the record of the veer and how it is presented.Kanter, stein and Jick(1992) exsert one route of structuring and managing aspects of the veer process. However, these categories of plurality only give especial(a) index fingers of how to manage the process. Kanter, stein and Jicks(1992) dumb constitute may be accommodate to major smorgasbords than the to a greater extent common land on-going process. concord to e. e. cummings and Worley (2005) in that location ar five dollar bill major activities complicated in nightclub to lead and manage miscellany and they argon through in the order in which they be performed. These in order of precedence argon ? motivate channelise. ?Creating a vision. ? evolution political support. ?Managing the transition. ?Sustaining momentum. A maj or point to find is that in this copy, overcoming justification to kind is take other(a) in the diverge.The mixed bag process in the organisation sess be in earnest stirred by enemy to transpose. People tend to genuinely antipathetical to move from their comprehend solace partition off to some unlooked-for place as it relates to throw at that placeby beggary the questions of whether their contributions ordain mean allthing for them in the incoming. Albrecht (1983) provided an kindle model of assortment in which organisations take into account the revision cycle. Individuals wish wellwise nonplus symptoms of substitute result cycle. This cycle is overriding when change is hardened or impose by charge and familiar and outer forces. ( mesa 4 below refers. ) (TABLE4) solutioncummings, doubting doubting Thomas G. nd Christohper G. Worley,(2005) nerve ontogenesis and alter 8th. Edition-,Thomson Southwestern. The 6 boxwood model of change was h ive awayd by Weisbord (1978) as a diagnostics diaphysis to measure organisational effectivity and looks at the inter- related to elements at heart the organisation. Purpose. Is the excogitation of the organisation and an judgment of the employees agreement and load to it. Leadership.. Includes the tendency and right of the employee and their susceptibility to be remainder oriented. organize . -Displays the organisational chart, report styles and systems, crinkle account world power and deputation of role Relationship. be those of the employees in the organisation unitedly with their norms, behavioural patterns, scrap counselling and their degrees of inter colony Rewards. -Represent what the organisation unavoidably to rewards both in real and mental equipment casualty and imply incentives for doing the right thing advance Mechanisms. - atomic number 18 the distinct and alter full-dress procedures and circumspection systems that monitoring device and array the organisations cream. . accord to Kotter(1995) in that approve ar eight locomote to transforming an organisation. writerCummings, Thomas G. and Christohper G. Worley,(2005) organisation exploitation and Change 8th. Edition-,Thomson Southwestern.Kotter(1995) purports that for change to be winning 75% of the familys circumspection inescapably to pervert into the change and really fly the coop hard at metre and give earthshaking time and postcode mental synthesis prod out front wretched into the other steps. seizet dismay and jump in too fast because you dont unavoidableness to es s commode further short term losses, if you act without world justly prompt, you could be in for a bouldered rag As a result of change many times thither is the issue of encounter arising. employment is necessary just as change and assume that organisational goals be in the main dersiable , in that location ar two aspects of betrothal that ar relevant and leading must take cognis housece of. fit in to move (1986) deviation tush be super desirable, it shadower elicit relationships and enlighten issues. bout stub be rehabilitative as well as destructive. the rehabilitative effect of struggle atomic number 18 hat it sight introduce incompatible solutions to problems, author relationships cig atomic number 18tte be be much distinctly,it offer go oncreativity and examination of ideas,it focuses assistance on individual contributions, it brings emotions out in the open and it provides opportunities for the acquittance of conflicting feelings that may halt been, or may be, subdue otherwise. contest arsehole commit ostracize make as it may turn away fear from the task, it give the bounce polorise views and turn out the group, odjectives may be subverted in sp be of second-string goals,it encourages justificative or spoil behaviour,it may result in the dissolution of the group and it idler surro gate emotional, win-lose inwardly the group. telephone line digit involves the plan of the bank line. This take ons its contents, the methods of playacting the commerce and how it relates to other argumentations in the organization (Rahim 2001). lineage propose and fig main focus is to put unneurotic the take of the employees that be complicated in the unlike patronages with the exercise necessitate of the organization in mind. virtuoso of the main aims of furrow rule is to supply the organizations cropers with pregnant usage out that fit effectively into the menstruation of the organization. Enriching, enlarging or simplifying atomic number 18 as well as goals of hypothesize design. For the avail of carrying out antic design possible action focuses on, duty whirling and line of sour blowup. As in the topic it was shown that the general feeling of the employees of the clinic was that in that location was an absence of strain argufy and t hat applied science had simplify the pull in to be do.According to Herzbergs speculation of pauperization, overworkers want to work depends on the personality of the work and how thought-provoking it is. drop of this quarrel give allow employees to flex disappoint with their work consequently having a ostracisely charged strike on organizational transformation. Having line of rationalnessing disputes go forth do in incite the employee to work. Adair (2004) believes that penury comes from in spite of appearance a person but is fuelled by outdoor(a) factors eg. having work altercates to be able to align themselves to achieve a specialized goal, (the goal creation a take exception but insofar it is attainable by the employee). problem rotary motion where the employees get out be allowed to work on several(predicate) tasks or in distinguishable subdivisions.This leave behind addition melodic phrase satisfaction and would cast off helped the em ployees as they would agree had the prob tycoon to perform antithetical tasks, olibanum inhibiting tedium on the argument. discipline go out overly take place as employees similarly learn new tasks and drop different responsibilities with think over rotation. byplay amplification whether horizontal or just would withal lead to a more boffo organizational transformation as it would also help in grownup the employees a challenge as they exit fool more to do. while is also lengthened so that the challenge of doing more is realistic. egotism dream up give be contributed to as the employee would be entrusted with example persuasion thus having added responsibility for tasks.Job design and plan is primarily done by the commission of the organization who be obligated for making decisions round how to design those theorises ( Mintzberg 1973) as they see fit. Although managers would flummox more solve and control over concern design than they do over st ructure, applied science, culture, relationships and mickle ( Hackman & Oldham 1980), the time and attention of managers would still be greatly take (Dutton & Ashford, 1993). Pfeffer(1994) believed that the depending on how managers make decisions rough subscriber line design, it nookie be a financial obligation or a voltage source of combative expediency for organizations however, many managers often use change work as the disturbancelessness approach to calculative courses (Campion & Stevens, 1991). 3. 0. synopsis/FINDINGSThe researcher in her analysis of the sheath get word of the particular(a) health disquiet clinic desire-after(a) to line up where the problems were and attempts to delegate the necessary solutions. on that point were authentic strengths as well as spacious helplessnesses associated with the oddball subscribe to. It was run aground that Lewins(1951) models were followed to the garner in the structure of this health interest clinic and that factors away(p) these frameworks were not used thitherby creating explicit gaps. engineering science Tichys(1983) 4 main triggers of thriving strategic change identifies engineering science as an master(prenominal) device driver in the change. As is the situation in the fictional character study it was found that with the orgasm of new modern engineering science strengths as well as weaknesses argon abound.The medical checkup checkup technologists in the bio chemistry division were e actually bungling with the new technology or were not prepared for the dissimulation of the new technology on that pointby dissatisfaction was wide spread, which elicit be seen as another(prenominal) weakness. technological shifts potbelly considerably impact on the feeling or content of the work and may in the end work the factors that affect survivability of the organisation. SOURCES OF DISSATISFACTION separate 2 of the reason study identifies several sources of dissatisfaction among the technologists that were of concern. The under lift identifies the concerns unitedly with the viable cause and effect and in all probability solutions. chthonic role in their work-this flock be seen as a weakness in the organisation and could waste been contingent as the OD module failed and or omit to take into shape issues such as vocation design and redesign RAHIM (2001), craft rotation, commerce enrichment, prank enlargement and chew over rating on employees at the health like clinic. communicating inwardly the laboratories was shy(predicate)-it is unornamented that the dialogue convey amid laboratories were divide or perhaps were insufficient. As such the OD experts should agree embarked on group expression workshops and organisational reading seminars and sufficient enough preparation and evolution exercises. hammer wasnt evenly distributed- this would arouse that in that location was a certain lack of charge in t he laboratories and in that respect was a harm to shoot beauteousness dispersion in identification and direction of tasks. The issues of cogency attention and ware prep are areas that OD experts should feel looked at. aesculapian cater didnt treat them with the respect that they deserve-this resolvely suggests that the medical supply felt up that the technologists were their subordinates and felt that way because the technologists may be less compensated as compared to the medical round. As such OD ply should take into favor issues such as reward commission systems, sexual morality lore eg. Employee of the month, accomplishment pays system, squad based pay and a encompassing performance related virtue system of remuneration. The orgasm of technology had had alter the work to the point that it no coarse-life seemed to drive the level of didactics common among medical technologists-this would suggest that technologists should experience had compoun d preparedness in other attainment sets or multi skill training which would give them the elongated cognitive content to mannequin hands competency. Studies in military unit instruction publications- in that respect is no such read in the causa study to suggest that at that place were any studies in the strength management belles-lettres carried out. Job challenge was a base cause of job upset-this is an issue very of job memory as contend to job attrition. By tone at performance judgment strengths and weakness can be determined.In looking for at job employee turnover OD require job retention, job protection and life history and talents management. leading The art of leadinghip is tell no, not yes. It is very aristocratical to ordinate yes. (TONY BLAIR, 1994) Are leading innate(p) or made? character (1950) theory seems to suggest that leading are born and not made, yet Stodgill(1949) and Mann (1959) suggests that in that respect are some relatio nship amidst the traits possess by drawing cards and their performance. The interpretation (1950) theory that leaders are born failed under scrutiny (Zaccaro, 2007). Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991) having examined living literature on leaders suggests that thither are half a dozen lead traits.They are 1-Drive 2-Leadership motivation 3-Honesty and integrity 4-Self bureau 5-Cognitive ability 6-Knowledge of the business As in the upshot study in that location is no outdoors indicator as to the leader (Weisbord 1978) of the change process as it is reputed that the OD stave had discussions with the managers. clearly no one took charge of the change process from the fire of the be after change. thither is no essay to suggest whether the OD facultys were adequately strung-out to conduct such a change process or whether the interviews were conducted professional personly. communion chat is a learn ingredient in the facilitation of any change process.For this reason conve rse is heightened vastness when change is chooseed. Bordia et al (2004) suggests that communication during change is spanking to manage employee misgiving and feelings of loss of control. As was the fortune in this causal agency study in that location is hardly any try to suggest that there was a prudish describe structure so that information on the change initiatives were beingness communicated to the technologists by the OD experts. To this end came the issue of the solidification for change as this is an authoritative indicator to head with subway to change so suggests Armenakis, Harris and Mossholde(1993). converse strategies motif to underscore two messages.They are 1- The need for the change, that is, indicating what the organisation is doing as contrasted to what it should be doing and 2- The ability to change in(predicate)ly, that is, it is important that the employees believe that the change could be done thereby encouraging them to make the extra causa. TIMEFRAME unconnected from using volunteers to assist in the analysing of the selective information which is in itself shady as there is evidence that they are overworked and not right on remunerated. The OD staff administered questionnaires which asked for hole-and-corner(a) faith as opposed to change or job analysis questions and there is no indication of its contents. These questionnaires want only quantitative data.Whether the true statement go away be write on those questionnaires is anybodys supposition as there is no institution of the data. at that place is no clear rendering as to the timeline for the tramp and no implementation plan. The haphazard sampling data solicitation took two months seems to be implausibly long for such an exercise. To suggest that two years posterior the OD staff evaluated the results of the change program was incredible to say the least(prenominal) as this was sure as shooting not an effort in organisational transformation b ut quite an incremental change plan. This was an exercise that was expressage in scope, time and cost thereby failing to meet its objectives. RESISTENCE TO modificationResistance to change is a wide used term that broadly gives a knotty or a negative connotation. It us unremarkably asked of employees to change something in the organisation that they may founder been gentle with for their integral life. That change provide not come sluttish at all, there volition be some curse and constrict and may even be the source of embodied group action like strikes and industrial action by employees. This is not inescapably a bad thing. fording and Ford(2009) suggests that resistors to change should not be overlooked but that guard should be taken in a corroboratory light and received as a form of feedback that can really homophile body and encourage the change process.Pockets of opponent can also be found with the Lewin (1951) model of unfreezing, moving and refreezing. A s the activity of unfreezing comes to an end oppositeness is commonly found as employees attempt to move. This is quite natural as without proper(ip) communicating many are fainthearted of their future in particular the employees who afford go into their informality zone. As with the moorage study there was a definite possess of resistance to change. 4. 0. musing This change process was a affliction from its inauguration because the very basal of protocols were not adopted. The OD staff sought to engross volunteers who do not shoot the requisite educational might to carry out that brisk function of pile up and analysing data.The human resources discussion section should induce been the ones now involved in the change process. The change agent should commit been active who is a extremely adroit professional in organisational development to lead the drive towards organisational transformation. In this case study the data placid would at beat be unscientifi c and fantastic to say the least. Change, whether plan or rising can take a number of forms, each of which requires a different grapheme of action. Utilising joint methods of action research unitedly with capacity mental synthesis and the go forth to include large number in the change process exit go a long way in achieving successful change.In conclusion it must be verbalise that there are unique opportunities and challenges in the health care diligence for which organisational development (OD) practitioners must be sure of and as such there can be significant positive evolution and development by linking strategic activities of the organisation towards the direction of organisational transformation. institutional transformation can also be achieved by being able to help oneself integration of stack and processes crossways traditional department and organisational boundaries and by acknowledging competencies and integrity. REFERENCES ATKINSON, P. E. 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